THE INFLUENCE OF INSECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT 

 OF FOREST PROTECTION AND FOREST MANAGEMENT ^ 



By F. C. Ckaighe:ad 



Principal Entomologist, Division of Forest Insect Investigations, Bureau of 

 Entomology and Plant Quarantine 



[With 12 plates] 



Forty years ago, when the idea of forest conservation was acquir- 

 ing momentum, few people realized that insects were in any manner 

 a part of this picture. Today, with our coordinated Federal, State, 

 and private organizations for the protection of our forest properties, 

 over a million dollars are expended annually in measures designed 

 to protect these forests from insect depredations. At the same time 

 the cooperative efforts of a group of highly trained entomologists, 

 pathologists, and foresters are devoted to the development of plans 

 for growing new timber crops so as to circumvent the numerous forest 

 pests of our second-growth forests. 



EARLY INSECT OUTBREAKS 



There are historical records of several destructive insect outbreaks, 

 both bark beetles and defoliators, in earliest colonial times. These 

 early affairs appear to have been regarded as more beneJBcial than 

 injurious, coming as they did when the dense forests were a handicap 

 to settlement and farm expansion. 



Probably the first insect outbreak that aroused suflScient concern 

 among lumbermen to give rise to technical investigation occurred in 

 West Virginia, Virginia, and Maryland from 1890 to 1892 from 

 attacks of the southern pine beetle {Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) 

 A. D. Hopkins (1899) studied this outbreak in great detail and 

 reported on it in a publication of the West Virginia Agricultural 



' Inyestigations on forest insects by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine 

 are carried on at nine field laboratories. Their leaders and locations are as follows : R. C. 

 Brown, New Haven, Conn. ; C. W. Collins, Morristown, N. J. ; J. C. Evenden, Coeur d'Alene, 

 Idaho ; C. H. Hoffman, Ashville, N. C. ; F. P. Keen, Portland, Oreg. ; H. J. MacAloney, 

 Milwaukee, Wis. ; J. M. Miller, Berkeley, Calif. ; D. E. Parker, Columbus, Ohio ; T. E. Snyder, 

 New Orleans, La. Substations are also located at Saucier, Miss., Miami and Hat Creek, 

 Calif., Cass Lake, Minn., La Grande, Wash., and Beltsville, Md. Many unpublished reports 

 from these laboratories were drawn upon for the factual material used in this presentation. 



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