322 THE TEOGLODYTES. 



The Moustier locality evidently preceded all the others ; that of Cro- 

 maguou is less ancient, but still belongs, with the Moustier, to the inter- 

 mediate age. The Upper Laugerie and Gorge d'Enfer are of the age 

 of the reindeer; and, lastly, the Lower Laugerie, the Eyzies, and the 

 Madelaine form a group which leads us to the end of the Quaternary 

 period. 



The troglodytes of the Moustier were completely uncivilized. They 

 formed neither bone nor horn, but only stone implements. Tools of 

 chipped flint abound in their various localities, but with the exception 

 of a single arrow-head, which is carefully fashioned, these are of rude 

 manufacture. No delicate objects; no small instruments; a few rare 

 axes of the Saint Acheul type ; a few thin pieces of stone, which may 

 have been used for knives, and a large number of massive hatchets, with 

 a single convex edge, to be held in thfe hand ; such were the only im- 

 plements of domestic use ; all their other instruments were for warfare. 

 A few arrow-heads prove that they were not ignorant of the use of the 

 bow; but this was not their ordinary weapon. The true means of de^ 

 fense which characterized this period was the lance, or spear, already 

 described. (See Figs. 3, 4, and 5.) This sturdy instrument, with ogi- 

 val point, and both sides shaped, large enough to make severe wounds, 

 yet small enough to penetrate the flesh easily, constit-uted a much more 

 terrible weapon than the Saint Acheul ax. Fastened at the end of a 

 spear it brought death to the largest mammal. Hitherto man, badly 

 armed, could not compete with those powerful animals. He maintained 

 with them merely a defensive warftire. But now he took the offensive. 

 He ceased to fear them ; their gigantic forms were no longer beyond his 

 reach. With his long lance in his hand he assayed the conquest of the 

 world. 



At Moustier remains of the mammoth, of the great lion, and of the 

 great hyena of the caves have been found ; but the principal food of 

 man at this period was first the horse, then the urus, and only third in 

 importance the reindeer. The instruments of the chase were made 

 for attacking game which would resist rather than take flight, and the 

 arrow and other instruments for the killing of smaller quadrupeds or 

 birds were probably unknown. Not a single bone of a bird or of a fish 

 is found in the Moustier locality. These rude hunters cared only for 

 violent combats, to which they devoted their entire energy and intelli- 

 gence. 



The men of Cromaguon, less ancient than those of Moustier, made notice- 

 able progress ; their tools were less massive, more numerous, more varied, 

 and, above all, better made. The Moustier lance was superseded by a 

 species of flint poiguard. They wore ornaments of shells, and the large 

 number of scraping-knives seems to indicate that they prepared skins 

 for clothing. Their principal food was still the horse, but their larder 

 was already varied. We find among the remains of their repasts, beside 

 the reindeer, then commencing to be common, the bones and teeth of 



