ETHNOLOGY. 323 



the urns, the boar, the stag, the goat, the wolf, the fox, the hare, aud 

 even of a bird of the crane species. Mau hnuted then the smaller ani- 

 mals, as well as large game, but he had not yet learnec! how to reach 

 the fish. 



Prominent among the animal remains we always find the mammoth 

 and the great lion of the caves. There is also a great bear, probably 

 the Ursifs spelceus. The reindeer had not yet begun to multiply, and 

 appears less frequently than the horse ; so the period is still intermediate, 

 while, in the localities we next notice, we enter definitely the age of the 

 reindeer, and the remains of this animal are more abundant in them 

 alone than in all the other periods taken together. 



We observed at Cromagnon evident improvement in the manufacture 

 of flint insti'uments ; in the generations which followed further prog- 

 ress was made in this art, which attained its greatest perfection at 

 Upper Laugerie. The most beautiful flint implements of the valley of 

 the Vezere belong to this locality. All the industrial instruments and 

 weapons found here are of flint. They are innumerable, and very varied 

 in form and dimension. It is true, many are in no way remarkable ; 

 some are even very rude in construction, such as certain lance or spear 

 heads, which resemble the Moustier. But side by side with these im- 

 perfect objects we 'find others of elegant form and elaborated contour, 

 evidently the result of skillful workmanship. 



These beautiful flint instruments of Upper Laugerie belong to the type 

 called Solutre. Their form is sharply lanceolate ; they have little thick- 

 ness, aud their sides, chipped into fine edges, are regular and symmetri- 

 cal ; their base is often fashioned so as to be easily inserted in a handle. 

 They were evidently intended to be attached to the extremity of a long 

 wooden handle. Their dimension varies greatly, but whether large, of 

 medium size, or small, they are all very nearly of the same type. It is 

 evident that the smallest are the heads of arrows ; the medium size, of 

 darts, thrown with the hand. The largest were lance-heads, but their 

 want of breadth shows that the handle was not heavy, but quite light. 



For combating the mammoth or great lion weapons such as these 

 could not compare with the Moustier spear. But these dangerous ani- 

 mals had become rare. The brute creation no longer resisted man, but 

 fled at his approach. Arms which were light and easily portable were 

 necessary. If the reindeer avoided the lance he might be pierced by the 

 dart; but, if too fleet for the dart, he could not escape the swift arrow. 

 But the arrow and the dart failed of their end ; they were too rudely 

 constructed. The slightest irregularity or want of symmetry in form, 

 a single point too heavy, caused them to deviate from their course 

 This the men of Upper Laugerie understood, and they improved the 

 working of flint in order to perfect their armory. They were guided by 

 no artistic sensibility. Art was still a stranger to them ; they had as 

 yet only made acquaintance with utility. They gave a more elegant 

 form to their arrow-head, only that it might fly with greater precision. 



