OF EPPING FOREST. lyi 



the veins of the undersurface of the tender leaves. Not until 

 September do the galls of Tvigonaspis reniun appear, and they then 

 take about three weeks to mature, falling to the ground in 

 October. The galls turn brown when the larvae matures, the 

 perfect insects emerging during the winter, or not until the 

 second year. 



OCCURRENCE IN EPPING EOREST. 



Trigonaspis renuni. Extremely common. First appearance 

 noted, September 22nd. 



Trigonaspis cvnstalis. Wety abundant. Commonly found on 

 young oak plants about a foot in height, in which case a gait 

 may be present in every bud both above and below ground. 



In the case of an old pollard oak, where the adventitious 

 buds growing on the trunk were very numerous, I found the 

 galls so plentiful as to practically cover the whole of the bark 

 near the base of the tree. Although when situated on the trunk 

 the galls are usually to be fouuvi near the ground, I have 

 occasionally found them as much as from six to eight feet up the 

 trunk. The galls may appear from the leaf stalk, and in one 

 case I found a gall arising direct from a leaf. First appearance 

 jioted. May 3rd. 



From a typical example of the galls of this species growing 

 on a young oak plant which I supplied from Epping Forest, a 

 coloured model in wax has been made and exhibited at the 

 Natural History Museum, South Kensington. 



Genus CYNIPS [Linnants). 



This genus contains only one British species, which is the 

 largest of our gall-making Cynipidae. It is easily distinguished 

 from the insects of any other genus by the presence on the 

 abdomen of a rich pubescence of a silky nature. 



There is only one generation a year, which is agamic, no 

 males being known. 



Although this genus includes only one British species, there 

 are eighteen known in Europe, all of which are very difficult tO' 

 separate as perfect insects. This gall, like that of Biovhiza 

 terininalis, remains on the tree for a considerable period. 



