THE NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS AT BERLIN. 113 



1883. It serves specially for the study of iiiorgauic, analytic, and min- 

 eral chemistry, and stands under the direction of I'rof. Dr. Karl Fried- 

 rich Rammelsberg. • 



For the practical teaching two divisions have been established. In 

 the synthetic laboratory the students are employed in the preparations 

 of chemical substances and the easier problems of quantitative analysis, 

 while in the analytical division quantitative analysis forms the princi- 

 j)al subject. 



The budget for regular exi)enditures of the institute, including the use 

 of water and gas has been fixed at 11,285 mark ($2,821). 



The Technological Institute. — This Institute originated in the private 

 laboratory of Professor Wichelhans. To this were added the techno- 

 logical collections of the late Professor Magnus, and by decree of Sep- 

 tember 11, 1873, the first means were provided for the "establishment 

 of a technological laboratory and for the technological collection of the 

 University." In April, 1883, the newly created Technological Institute 

 was removed to its present ({uarters under the direction of Prof. Dr. 

 Karl Hermann Wichelhans. 



The publications of the institute are printed i)rincipally in the "Be- 

 nch te der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft," in the " Verhaudlungen 

 des Yereins zur Beforderuug des Gewerbetieisses," and in the " Patent- 

 ISchriften." 



The Botanical Garden. — The greater part of the present Botanical 

 Garden was, at about the middle of the seventeenth century, employed 

 for the growing of hops, to be used in the electoral brewery. In 1070, 

 on occasion of the abolishing of the brewery, Elector Frederick William 

 ordered the garden to be planted in fruit trees and garden truck. 



Under the reign of King Frederick I the entire internal arrangement 

 was changed. Glass-houses were erected, oranges were raised, and the 

 kitchen garden changed into a royal pleasure garden. 



Under Frederick William I the plans were changed ; the garden 

 began to expand and to assume a really botanical character; but the 

 reform had barely begun w^heu the garden was transferred to the keep- 

 ing of the Society of Sciences. It again lost its botanical character, 

 since, in i)lanting medicinal herbs and plants for the royal [)harnuicy, 

 the practical king had sought to utilize it to the fullest extent. The 

 society could not afford to expend more than 600 mark ($150) a year on 

 the garden, and furthermore, its great distance from the city rendered 

 it dilhcult to find a suitable person to sui»ervise it. 



In 1809, on occasion of the founding of the University, the Academy 

 of Sciences was relieved of the Botamcal Garden, which was then placed 

 under the University, with a guarantied income of 13,000 mark ($;),250). 



In 1820 the present winterhouse was erected, and in 1821 the oldest 

 palm house; the latter, however, proving too small it was replaced by 

 the present succulent house. In 1832 the garden possessed eighteen 

 H. Mis. 224 8 



