THE NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS AT BERLIN. 117 



the University, and in 1820 the space in the rear of the University was 

 em])hiye<l tor the ])iiri)Ose. The garden was intended to contain tlie 

 principal otlicinal ida-nts and those resembling these; and also, as far as 

 practicable, economical, technical, and commercial plants; while in the 

 surrounding vacant spaces, ornamental trees and shrubs were to be 

 planted. The establishment was completed in 1821-'22. It was pro- 

 vided with a green-honse containing a cold and a hot division. The 

 plants were furnished by tlie botanical garden, under the care of which 

 the new plantation was placed. In 1837 it was made independent, by 

 the appointment as University gardener, of Mr. Sauer, of the botanical 

 garden. As long as but one regular chair existed at the University for 

 botany, the incumbent always held the appointment of director of both 

 the Botanical and University gardens. 



The garden has not increased in extent. A small earth-house was 

 added to the existing green-house. Another small dirt-house Avithout 

 furnace serves for the wintering of less sensitive plants. The heating 

 of the other houses is effected by means of hot water through copper 

 pipes. In the selection of green-house i>lants special attention was 

 given to those used for officinal and domestic i)urposes. 



The Botanical Institute. — This Institute was established in 1878 on the 

 top floor of the old Exchange Building. A large hall with favorable 

 light was set aside for microscopical examinations by beginners, and 

 several other rooms were given to the more advanced students. A small 

 chamber served as dark-room and a large corner room was titted up as 

 a physiological laboratory. The director, the assistants, and the mes- 

 senger had each one room assigned ; an assembly room and a lecture 

 hall seating from thirty to thirty-five were also provided. 



In the autumn of 1883 the Institute was transferred to its present lo- 

 cation, the situation of which, in the vicinity of the University and of 

 the University garden, may be pronounced as very favorable. 



The Institute possesses at present nineteen large and twenty-eight 

 small microscoiJes, together with all the required auxiliary apparatus 

 (prisms, micrometer, goniometer, etc.), twenty-six demonstration micro- 

 scopes for use in lectures, one microtom, one micro-spectroscope, one 

 solar spectroscope, one large spectral apparatus by G. & S. Merz, one 

 heliostate hy Heele, one achromatic lens by Steinheil (81 millimeters 

 aperture), one cathetometer by Ileele, one compression-pump with lever 

 by Pfeil, one double-action air-pump, one double aspirator by Warm- 

 brunn & Quilitz, one gas-regulator, one gasometer, one astatic mirror 

 galvanometer by Siemens & Ilalske, one immersion battery, three klino- 

 stats, among which one very huge and powerful by Ileele, one auxan- 

 ometer with self-registi'riiig chx^k-work, two pair of balance-scales, and 

 numerous smaller ap[)iiiatus ;uid models for ])h_ysiological research. 



The budget, exclusive of iidministration and salaries of assistant 

 and messenger, was 5,930 mark ($1,482.50) until 1885 when, in consid- 

 eration of lessened necessities, it was decreased to 3,930 mark ($982.50), 



