ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE LAST TWENTY YEARS. 563 



conviction of its truth a greater value will be attached to proofs which 

 show that there has been a transmitting of culture from one race to an- 

 other. Nothing has given me greater joy than the discovery of those 

 large burial fields in the most southern parts of the Austrian Alps, along 

 tbe coast and in Istria for which we are indebted to the energy of Messrs. 

 De Marchesetti and Szonibathy. A number of new links have thus 

 been welded into the chain of the old system of transmission, and the 

 result of these researches will doubtless be embodied in a series of 

 papers, and given to the public. 



Let me emphasize right here that these finds are most valuable be- 

 cause they prove a pre-historic international intercourse (not migrations, 

 for this can not be established) ; and because they exhibit the directions 

 which civilization has taken. They will also beget in our international 

 intercourse a little more modesty and amiability than seems to exist at 

 times on account of a too great sensitiveness about this idea of nation- 

 ality. 



If different races would recognize one another as independent co-la- 

 borers in the great field of humanity, if all possessed a modesty which 

 would allow them to see merits in neighboring people, much of the strife 

 now agitating the world would disappear. 



A far greater revolution than that which took place in the sphere of 

 archaeology has been brought about in anthropological science. At 

 the time of our coming together twenty years ago, Darwinism had just 

 made its first triumphal march through the world. My friend Karl 

 Vogt, with his usual vigor, entered the contest and through his personal 

 advocacy secured for this theory a great adherence. At that time it 

 was hoped that the theory of descent would conquer not in the form 

 promulgated by Darwin, but in that by his followers ;— for we have to 

 deal now not with Darwin but with Darwinians. No one doubted that 

 the proof would be forthcoming, demonstrating that man descended 

 from the monkey and that this descent from a monkey or at least from 

 some kind of an animal would soon be established. This was a chal- 

 lenge which was made and successfully defended in the first battle. 

 Every body knew all about it and was interested in it ; some spoke for it, 

 others against it. It was considered the greatest question of Anthro- 

 pology. 



Let meremindyou however at this point that natural science, as long 

 as it remains such, works only with real existing objects; a hypothesis 

 may be discussed, but its significance can only be established by pro- 

 ducing actual proofs in its favor, either by experiments or direct obser- 

 vations. This Darwinism has not succeeded in doing. In vain have 

 its adherents sought for connecting links which should connect man 

 with the monkey ; not a single one has been found. The so-called pro- 

 anthropos which is supposed to represent this connecting link has not 

 as yet appeared. No real scientist claims to have seen him ; hence 

 the pro-anthropos is not at present an object of discussion for an an- 



