ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE LAST TWENTY YEARS. 565 



tioQ have been made. Not a few of these died iu Europe, aud ou that 

 account were more especially noticed. We possess greater knowledge 

 concerning tlie brains of a Patagonian than about the brains of the 

 civilized nations of Asia. 



Not one of these examples resembled the monkey any more than (if 

 indeed as much as) it does our own. Now the systematic naturalist de- 

 termines the lines separating genera and species in the following manner: 

 Whenever he finds that the totality of points of one group equals that of 

 the other, he separates both from related genera or species. If however 

 the respective sums of their points are equal he draws a line between 

 them and makes of each a separate genus or species. Such a dividing 

 line is drawn between man and monkey. Every living race of men is 

 as yet purely human; not one has been found which might be called 

 pithecoid, or which might be considered an intermediate race between 

 man and monkey. 



I must however admit that there exists a series of peculiarities found 

 among men which are called pithecoid, and these can not be explained 

 as mere disturbances or hindrances of their normal development. Let 

 me illustrate: The higher apes exhibit frequently an especial develoj)- 

 ment of the skull in the region of the temples. Just as in the case of 

 man, several bones join in the depression beneath the muscles covering 

 this part. From below, the ui)per edge of the great wing of the sphenoid 

 bone joins the parietal bone ; the squamous portion of the temporal 

 bone to which the ear is attached touches this spot from behind, aud 

 the frontal bone is joined anteriorly to the other three bones just men- 

 tioned. These four bones come together in such a manner that the 

 parietal and the sphenoid bone, joining each other, keep the frontal and 

 the temporal bone apart by being thus unitedly wedged in between 

 them. Now in the skull of the monkey a long process of the temporal 

 bone is frequently found wedging itself in as far forward as the frontal 

 bone, thus separating the parietal and the wing of the sphenoid bone. 

 This constitutes a marked difference of great value, since this does not 

 occur in man, as a rule, but there exist isolated cases where this same 

 peculiarity is found. 



As we examine large collections of skulls and formulate the result, 

 we find that certain races show these peculiarities more than others. 

 So far as we can tell, three races especially exhibit them. We find them 

 first of all among the Australian and African, i. e., the black races; 

 then among the yellow in the Malay Archipelago, especially on that 

 chain of islands which connects New Guinea with Timor, and to which 

 are joined the Molucca Islands in the north and Australia iu the south. 



I lectured only a little while ago* concerning a number of skulls of 

 Alfuros,of Tenimber, among which this peculiarity was noticeable. At 

 the same time another characteristic was observed, namely, the enor- 

 mous development of the jaws, as shown in a greatly projecting ridge of 



* Vide : Trjinsactions of the Berlin Anthropological Society, 1889, page 177. 



