566 ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE LAST TWENTY YEARS. 



the arch of the jaw and of the teeth. Associated with this prognath- 

 ism there is found an inward curving of the nose, together with the 

 extreme flattening, as if somebody had sat on it. In this case some- 

 times the nasal bones grow into one, which scarcely ever takes place in 

 other races of man. These forms also are especially characteristic of 

 catarrhine apes. Hence this catarrhine nose is a kind of pithecoid 

 element (Thermorphy). In certain localities this occurs more frequently 

 than in others, and there may have existed a greater propinquity of re- 

 lation with apes. It is not without importance to remember that among 

 the anthropoid apes, the gorilla and chimpanzee are found in Africa, and 

 the orang and the gibbon in the Indian Archipelago. But if you in- 

 quire farther, may not the Australian and the African blacks or the 

 Malay and the Alfures be the sought-for connecting links which bridge 

 the chasm between man and the ape? No one can answer with an ab- 

 solute no. It might be possible, but possibility is a great way from re- 

 ality. For temporal processes, catarrhine noses, and prognathous jaws, 

 do not make an ape ; a number of other characteristics are necessary 

 to produce a monkey. 



Hypothetically from every piece of skin a monkey may be con- 

 structed ; no anatomist ever doubted this. But the differences between 

 man and monkey are so wide that almost any fragment is sufficient to 

 diagnose them. Much is still lacking for a demonstration of the theory 

 of descent. 



How necessary it is then as we may look at the problems of the fu- 

 ture, to make still more far-reaching researches in this particular branch 

 of science which has to do with the earlier developments of the human 

 race. Especially should there be made careful investigations concern- 

 ing pre-historic man in Australia, and also in Indonesia. If anthropo 

 logically-trained physicians would stay there continuously and make 

 researches, perhaps essential and important proofs might be found. 



At present they are still lacking, and we can study the early state of 

 man only by means of what old graves, a few caves, and lake-dwellings, 

 and what the present can furnish us. I would not pass over in silence 

 the fact that from all these sources mentioned only specimens of man 

 have been discovered of which we need not be ashamed and whom we 

 may fully acknowledge as brethren. Through the kindness of Swiss 

 colleagues, I was enabled to make comparative examinations of nearly 

 all the existing skulls of the lake-dwellers. It became evident to mo 

 that even in those times difference existed between tribes which prob- 

 ably came upon the scene of action one after the other. None of them 

 however was constructed in such a manner as to lie outside of the phys- 

 ical form of our present nationalities. 



Again, it can not be said that all races have descended from a single 

 human pair. This matter does not lie within the province of natural 

 science proper. Everybody may decide that to suit himself. Those 

 who, on account of their religious convictions, need a first pair, will 



