SCANDINAVIAN ARCHEOLOGY. 579 



First Inhabitants of the Scandinavian North). In this work, which is 

 of the greatest importance, upon the age of stone, one sees introduced 

 for the first time the methods of comparative ethnography; it is a bool£ 

 which assures forever to its author an elevated place among the 

 founders of pre-historic science. In this first edition, the age of bronze 

 is only treated in the last chapter; the opinion is there maintained that 

 the introduction of that civilization is due to the immigration of a Gel' 

 tic tribe. It was not until later that he pnt forth his well-known theory 

 that the age of bronze in Europe is due to the Phoenicians, those com- 

 mercial mariners of antiquity ; this theory has been developed in de- 

 tail in the second part, published in 18(>ii-'64, of a new edition of his 

 work. In the same way a new edition of the first part, upon the age of 

 stone, was published in 1866. This work, translated into German, 

 French, and English, excited the greatest attention in all Europe, and 

 still enjoys, and with reason, the greatest reputation, although his 

 Phoenician theory perhaps no longer counts auy adherents. 



Principally under the influence of B. E. Hildebrand, the Swedish 

 Academy of belles-lettres, history, and antiquities, from the year 1856, 

 directed its activity more and more toward archaeological topography 

 and the statistics of the remains of the coui^try, the extension of the 

 museum, aud of the systematic excavations, and the publication of the re- 

 sults; a throng of able men took part in these labors. During the course 

 of 1860, local societies of antiquaries were founded everywhere in the 

 provinces; these societies did much to spread archieological knowledge, 

 excite interest in its favor, and collect and preserve materials; a series 

 of provincial museums were organized, depending in a certain degree 

 upon the National Museum of Stockholm. The Swedish Archaeological 

 Society, founded in 1869, has become the common center of these local 

 societies. 



The most of these private societies have published private periodical 

 collections; the principal organ of Swedish archaeology appears under 

 the auspices of the Academy of Antiquities, AntikvarisJc Tidsshrift for 

 Sverige (Antiquarian Journal for Sweden). Among the most impor- 

 tant memoirs of this journal must be cited the work of B. E. Hilde- 

 brand, published in 1869, upon the carvings on rock, where he first 

 gives the incontestable proofs that these remarkable remains date from 

 the age of bronze. From 1860 to 1870, commenced also the labors of 

 two men still the most celebrated to-day among the Swedish pre-histo- 

 rians: Hans Hildebrand (the son of B. E. Hildebrand), who published 

 in 1866, an important book entitled Svenska folket under hednatiden 

 (The Swedish People during the Time of Paganism), in which he treats 

 especially of the relations between the two periods of the age of iron in 

 Scandinavia; and Oscar Montelius, whose work, Fra jernaldern (On 

 the Age of Iron), which appeared in 1869, has laid the solid foundations 

 of a chronological classification of the finds dating from the age of 

 iron, by giving detailed descriptions of all those of the northern iron 

 age, accompanied by imported foreign coins. 



