SCANDINAVIAN ARCHEOLOGY. 581 



oue published in 1868: Den (vldre Jernalder i Norge (The First Age ot 

 Iron in Norway). The first period of iron stands indicated for the first 

 time and distinctly- characterized in the Norwegian finds. It is a model 

 work as to soberness and soundness of method. 



We have followed the development of pre-historic studies in the north 

 down to 1870 ; here it is proper for us to stop and to conclude this first 

 period. 



It is already a long time since the new science pushed itself likewise 

 iuto the other countries of Europe. The surprising discoveries of Mr. 

 Boucher de Perthes, which formed an epoch, havelong since been gen- 

 erally accepted ; energetic labors have commenced, especially in geolog- 

 ical paleo-ethnology ; great attention is directed at once upon prehis- 

 toric times and upon proto-historic times. In Germany, particularly in 

 the north of that country, local investigators early began work in the 

 same way as the antiquaries of the north. Let us mention among them 

 and in the first rank Mr.Lisch, at Schwerin. In 1852, a central museum 

 was established at Mayence under the direction of Mr. Liudenschmit. 

 A few years afterwards, in Switzerland, Mr. Keller discovered the palaf- 

 fites ; finally about 1800, Mr. Gastaldi founded the study of paleo-eth- 

 nology in Italy. 



In 1800, the international congress of anthropology and pre-historic 

 archaeology held its first session. It is fitting to end this first section 

 by mentioning the fourth session of this congress, which took place at 

 Copenhagen in 1869. Scholars from all the countries of Europe assem- 

 bled there to learn the results attained by Danish paleo-ethnology dur- 

 ing more than fifty years. The rich museums, the archfeological and 

 the ethnographic, both lasting monuments of the aged Thomsen, de- 

 ceased a few years before, excited the admiration of all. The labors 

 of the congress presented much interest. Foreigners were especially 

 interested in a discussion between Messrs. Worsaae and Steenstrup upon 

 the sub-division of the stone age and upon the chronological characters 

 of the Jij^'kewm^ddiiigs. 



II. 



About the year 1870, a new phase opens in the history of Scandina- 

 vian archaeology. Under the aegis of the preceding scholars there is 

 formed a phalanx of young men who bring with them new ideas, ten- 

 dencies, and methods. 



SWEDEN. 



The first to be pointed out in this country, at this period, is Mr. Hans 

 Hildebrand, the son (already mentioned) of B. E. Hildebrand. While 

 still young he had the opportunity of making, during several years, 

 long tours to the most important archa'ological museums of Europe, and 

 thus acquiring a profound knowledge of all archieological materials. 

 The results of these studies have been recorded especially in a memoir 

 the principal parts of which ai)])eared in 1872-'73, in the AntiJcvarisk 



