SCANDINAVIAN ARCHJLOLOGY. 587 



interest are the descriptions in the second work (posthumous) of the 

 long series of technical experiments undertaken by the author during 

 several years upon the makiug and the utility of stone implements; 

 for example, he had a wooden house constructed, using only stone tools. 



In the same way after the year 1870, Mr. Steenstrup continued his 

 studies on the pre-historic flora and fauna of Denmark. For example, 

 his memoir included in the Reports of the Academy, 1872, on the con- 

 temporaneity of the Bos primigeniiifi and the forests of flr in Denmark, 

 in which mention is made of some flint chips buried in animal bones, as 

 proof of the hunts conductetl against the deer during the stone age, is 

 important. 



Quite an interesting episode in the development of Swedish archseol- 

 ogy is the vehement controversy with the German archieologists which 

 took place from 1876 to 1880, Before that time the system of the three 

 periods had already been vigorously contested in Germany, where the 

 archaeological materials were scattered in a multitude of small collec- 

 tions, and where (owing to the lack of great deposits of objects) one 

 could with difificultj^ understand the principal phases of the develop- 

 ment of civilization. Mr. Worsaae had been obliged several times to 

 repulse the German attacks against northern arclueology, especially 

 those of Mr. Lindenschmit. In 1870, Mr. Hostmann, in the Archiv fur 

 Anthro2)ologie, made a furious assault against the theory of the three 

 archaeological ages, and disputed especially the existence of an age of 

 bronze. On the northern side M. Sophus Miiller entered the lists; 

 others joined the two champions ; the controversy continued for sev- 

 eral years. If the attacks have in no resi)ect been able to overthrow 

 the system of the three periods or annihilate the age of bronze, it will 

 be found perhaps that northern archieology has received a salutary in- 

 fluence from the criticisms of German scholars. 



During these fifteen years (1870-'85), the periodical publications be- 

 fore mentioned hav^e been continued by the Eoyal Society of Antiquaries 

 of the North at Copenhagen. In Aarhoger for nordisk Oldkyndighed 

 (Annals for the study of northern antiquities), and in the Memoires de 

 la Societe royale des xintiquaires du Nord (Memoirs of the Royal Society 

 of the Antiquaries of the North) new series were commenced in 1866. 

 Moreover, investigators have worked energetically during this epoch to 

 complete the archteological exploration of Denmark, and numerous 

 excavations have been undertaken by the scholars connected with the 

 museum. In 1874, Worsaae, then minister of religion, procured an 

 annual subsidy from the revenue of the state for the investigation of 

 the antiquities of the country. Every summer an archaeologist and an 

 artist associated have since 1875, travelled tlirough several districts 

 parish by parissh, writing lists and detailed descriptions of the known 

 remains and findings, and taking the measure and the designs of all 

 the ancient remains still existing. When these labors some years 

 hence shall have been finished, there will be in Europe no country 

 arch geologically so well explored and known as Denmark. 



