PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN 1889. 603 



zoolopfy. Theseare iiiixtiiros of eleiueiitstlic mostlioterogeneons; there 

 lire uo pure races on the earth. In classifying' races therefore we must 

 seek farther than among the ethnic groups for tlie fundamental nnits. 

 Save two or three peoples, there is not an ethnos on earth that is not 

 the product of mixing two or three or several races, and it is our task 

 to discover the elemental races. The tirst step in this analysis is to dis- 

 tinguish the tijpeii^ by which is meant ensembles of salient characters 

 associated and incarnated in a number of individuals. Now th&^Qtypes 

 may appear in more than one area, pure or altered, belonging to peoples 

 which at first glance seem to have had no connection. Such is the 

 Negrito type, seen in its purity among the Aetas, the Mincopies, the 

 Sakai, etc., and turns np here and there among the Melanesians, the 

 Anstralians, the Malays, the Nagas, the Dravidrans, etc. 



That which varies is the ijroportion in which a type enters into an ethnic 

 group. When it is altogether preponderating, the people are nearly a 

 pnre race, as the Bushmen, Aetas, Mincopies, or Ainos. The tyijes are 

 the units of classification and the numerical preponderance of iudivid- 

 nals therein gives importance to a type as a constituent element in an 

 ethnic group. Just so far as we are able to go back from type to race 

 we can tell the races which go to make up a people. M. Deniker msikes 

 out thirteen of these races, a small number of which are pare, the 

 others are represented by varietes, two for the Ethiopian, Xanthochroi, 

 Indonesians, and three or more for others. Now these thirteen races 

 are evidently variations of a smaller number (perhaps only one) of 

 species of the genus Homo. 



The first table difiereutiates the thirteen races into the thirty types 

 fixed by M. Deniker. The first group corresponds with the Oulotrichcsof 

 Bory Saint Vincent (Uiotriches of Haeckel), and comprehends Negroes, 

 Melanesians, and Bushmen. The second group comprehends blacks 

 with curly hair, bat not woolly, Negritos, Australians, Ethiopians, and 

 corresponds to the Australoids of Huxley. In the third grou}), wavy 

 haired Caucassians, is subdivided according to Huxley into the brown, 

 Melanchroi, and the blonde, Xanthochroi. The fourth grouj) compre- 

 hends races with white, yellow, or yellowish skins and slightly wavy 

 hair, Uralo- Altaic, Ainos, Indonesians. The fifth group, finally, includes 

 Mongoloids and the Americans. 



