610 PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN 1889. 



parison of related languages ; (3) comparison of non-related languages. 

 The author remarks that in botany or zoology, classification must be 

 founded upon the knowledge of the essential characteristics of the be- 

 ings under investigation, their true resemblances and their differences, 

 and the degrees of importance amoug these last. The origin and rela- 

 tionship of each group must then be noticed. In this way a true 

 synthesis of nature is the result. The following syllabus is followed 

 by the author in a series of papers published in Techmer's Zeitschrift : 



I, Classification of allied languages. 



Title 1. Partial and subjective classification (in abstract) : (A) Allied 

 languages; ascending, fixed, descending ; (B) related languages; re- 

 lated, allied, isolated ; (C) allied languages, classed as if not related. 



March of morphological evolution. (1) Transition between the three 

 systems of expressions, more or less linguistic, of thought, (a) syntactic 

 or the order of words, (b) employment of relational words, (c) of phonic 

 modification. (2) Transition in each of the three systems between the 

 concrete and the abstract. (3) Transition in each of three systems 

 between the subjective and the objective. (4) Transition in each of the 

 three systems between the non-formal and the formal. 



Title 2: Classifications, objective audgenealogic, of allied languages ; 

 natural families: (1) ludo-germanic ; (2) Semitic; (3) Uralic ; (4) 

 Bantu; (5) Dravidian ; (6) Malay-polynesian ; (7) Turkic; (8) Algon- 

 kin; (9) Maude; (10) Maya; (11) Hamitic. 



II. Classification of languages not allied. 



Title 1 : Partial and subjective classification of unallied languages. 

 Chapter 1. Purely phonetic classification. (A) From the point of view 

 of the isolated word ; (B) from the point of view of words united ; (C) 

 From the point of view of accent. Chapter 2. Classification purely 

 psychological. Chapter 3. Classification morphological. Section 1. 

 Languages with imperfect expression, psychological languages. 1. 

 Concrete psychological languages. (A) Non-formulated. This charac- 

 teristic exists in the relations, the determinations of ideas in the same 

 proposition. (B) Formulated. 



(a) Subjective. The concretness is thus graduated. (1) From the 

 stand-point of necessity; (2) from the stand-point of comprehension ; 

 (3) from the stand-point of energy ; (4) from the stand-point purely 

 material, or purely intellectual, or both combined, (b) Objective: The- 

 concreteness is thus graduated. (1) From the stand-point of necessity ; 

 (2) from the stand-point of comprehension ; (3) from the stand-point of 

 energy; (4) from the stand-point of material or intellectual character, 

 or both combined ; (5) from the stand-point of application which is made 

 of this concreteness in the principal ideas, or to those of determination 

 or relation. 2. Abstract psychological languages ; (A) analytical non- 

 formulated languages ; (B) analytical formulated languages. Section 

 2. Languages with sufficient expression, either morphological languages, 

 or with unmeaning (vides) words. The languages with non-significant 



