PROGRESS OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN 1889. 613 



VII.-ARCITyEOLOGY. 



The ])re-Iii8ioric station of Leiigyel, ou the Danube, within the estate 

 of Count Ah^xander Apponyi, in the coniitat of Tolna, Hunf^ary, is 

 doubtless the most remarkable discovery of its kind in Europe during 

 the year 18S9. The station is a fortified enciente, within which have 

 been Ibund several groups of habitations and two cemeteries. Among 

 the habitations, to the number of about two hundred, some were in 

 form of a bee-hive dug in the loess of the Danube about three or four 

 meters deep and two to three meters in diameter, and entered from the 

 top. Alongside of these dwellings were othersmaller souterraius, whose 

 walls were formed of reeds and small branches interwoven and covered 

 with a thick layer of clay, apparently hardened by fire. In these sou- 

 terrains were many large jars similar to those found by Schliemann in 

 Troy, and filled with different kinds of grain slightly parched. At 

 Lengyel some of the habitations were above the soil. Tlieir founda- 

 tions are not more than a meter deep, and their walls were formed of 

 wattling. But of the superstructure little can be said. One of the 

 cemeteries belonged to the Neolithic period; the objects recovered in 

 the other bring it into relationship with the palafittes and terramares, 

 or the finds of the Villauova or first Hallstadiau period. In the habita- 

 tions and cemeteries over twelve thousaml objects were found. Marquis 

 de jSTadaillac concludes that Lengyel belongs to the ancient Gra'co- 

 Aiiiatic civilization, and that here we see traces of one of the immi- 

 grations which have exercised such a grand influence on the primitive 

 populations of Europe. 



Tlie most original investigations into the Stone age made in the United 

 States in 1889, were those of Mr. William H. Holmes, of the Bureau of 

 Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution, at Piney Branch, 1 mile 

 ]U)rth of Washington City, and those of Prof. F. W. Pntnam in the 

 Little Miami Valley, Ohio. The work of Mrs. Holmes is described in 

 the January number of the American Anthropologist for 1890. The fol- 

 lowing resume will convey some idea of the digging: 



A liill slopes by a steep decline towards a running brook. Upon its 

 sides is a dense growth of hardwood timber and over its surface have 

 been found for many years the rudely chipped stones called "turtle- 

 backs." 



In the autumn of 1889 Mr. Holmes carried a trench up the sides of 

 the hill, going down to bed-rock all the way. At first his trench was 

 only a few inches deep, but the dej)th increased to 9 feet about 50 feet 

 up the hill-side. At every depth however the same rude examples 

 were found as occurred on the surface, until suddeidy the explorer came 

 to a steep escarpment of bowlders in hard clay. The mystery was 

 solved. Mr. Holmes had unearthed an aboriginal bowlder quarry, and 

 the thousands of stones were the remnants of its occupation. Two 

 questions are propounded by this discovery: the first is with reference 



