THE LAST STEPS IN THE GENEALOGY OF MAN. 677 



However that may be, the classification that I attribute, right or 

 wrong, to Broca is held to be his by many people, and against it I would 

 protest. 



From my special studies and my knowledge of the differences (great 

 and little) from monkeys presented by man, drawn from the volume of 

 the brain, the cranial characters that are the consequence of it, the facial 

 characters that accompany them, and the characters of the skeleton that 

 are developed parallel with them, — that is to say, of all the characters 

 that I have specially studied, I am compelled to abandon the classifi- 

 cation of LinniTBus, and to adopt the abused one of Cuvier, in which, be- 

 sides, critics never have seriously reproached anything but the employ- 

 ment of the word quadrumana and the exact definition of the hand on 

 which he based it. Cuvier may not have been very much of a philoso- 

 pher, but he was the first of observers. 



Let us consider for a moment the word quadrumana. When Broca 

 opposed tlie term quadrumana as applied to the monkeys to distinguish 

 them from two handed man he set forth the fact that the presence or ab- 

 sence of the thumb was not enough to authorize the name hand or loot, 

 but in man the npper limbs accorded with the function of prehension, 

 to which the extremity of the limb is the immediate organ, but the 

 lower limbs are likewise constituted in view of the function of locomo- 

 tion and support, which its extremity seems intended to supply. In a 

 word, there is harmony between every part everywhere, of which the 

 different details (ioustitute the characteristics of the function, hand and 

 foot. This is extremely true, but with man only, who occupies the sum- 

 mit of the evolutionary series. It is far from the same when we de- 

 scend the course of the series. 



Among the monkeys, the anterior limbs are still adapted to the func- 

 tion of prehension, but they are at the same time organs of locomotion; 

 the posterior limbs are still adapted for walking, but they are at the 

 same time organs of prehension. Among the lemurs, are still the same 

 general types of all the members for prehension and progression, but 

 in fact the anterior extremity Is more a paw and the posterior more a 

 hand by comi)aris()n ; as for example in the cheiromys. The monkeys 

 are both qua(lrtii)e(ls and quadrumana. Notice the three chief seg- 

 ments of each limb : forward it is an arm, but backward it is a true leg; 

 however, look only at the last segment both before and behind ; it is a 

 hand by the princii)al characters of the free and 0[)posable thumb and 

 the nails. 



In man the harmony is perfect because the functions are specialized 

 and because the organs are all ada})ted in the same way, those for- 

 ward for j)rehension and those rearward for walking. 



Beyond our branch of primates then, where its origin is seen, the 

 fore limbs appear with the same types but less definite, less precise, 

 all four for prehension, the forward ones more ; all four for locomotion, 



