THE LAST STEPS IN THE GENEALOGY OF MAN G79 



is the great mobility in every way of the seftinents of the limb may not 

 be well developed ainonj;- the monkeys in tlie lower limbs. Cavier then 

 had a perfect right to call all monkeys quadrumana, althongh they 

 were at the same time quadrupeds, and to oppose them to man. 



I unite then the anthropoids and the ordinary monkeys under the 

 name of monkeys, and 1 should not recoil before the synonym of quad- 

 rumana, if that of monkeys does not satisfy me. 



The monkeys are divided into two groups, those of the Old World 

 called catarrhines, because they have the nasal septum narrow and 

 the nostrils opening below the nose (from z^/ra, below and ptv, nose), and 

 those of the New World called also platyrrhiues, because they have the 

 septum of the nose wide, and the nostrils opening on the side (from 

 -?.aTu?, flat). We will commence with the latter. 



The monkeys of the New World are entirely arboreal ; they are di- 

 vided into two families; the moidieys properly so called, and the arcto- 

 pitheci. 



The first are divided into diui-nal monkejs, embracing the howlers, 

 the ateles, the sajous, etc., and the nocturnal monkeys, embracing the 

 sagouins, the sakis, the nyctipitheci, and the saimiris. 



The second family requires [)ai ticular notice. The arctopitheci or hap- 

 alians are a separate group among the monkeys of which I have spoken, 

 from two considerations. They embrace the ouistiti (a charming little 

 monkey made illustrious by one of our novelists), and the tamarin. 

 They are arboreal as the preceding ones, and nocturnal like the latter. 



The arctopitheci are an example of the imperfection of our means of 

 classification. They are monkeys and a:e like the monkeys of -America 

 in most of their affinities, but they lack the single character which dis- 

 tinguishes all monkeys including the lemurs, and they have neither 

 the dentition of the monkeys of America nor of the Old World. We 

 cut out the galeopitheci from the lemurs by the absence of the first 

 character; is it necessary to treat the arctopitheci the same way with 

 regard to the monkeys ? 



Here are their characters. When one seizes the skull in a way to 

 hide the lower part of the face, it is entirely an American moidcey. 

 Like the monkeys of America it has a round head, a Hat face, lateral 

 nostrils, and no rump callosities or cheek pouches. But it does not 

 have oi)posable thumbs on any of the limbs, which leaves out the oidy 

 character coaimon to all the monkeys and false monkeys. Furthermore, 

 they have claws on all the fingers except the hinder thumb (the hallux) 

 which has a nail. The teeth number thirty-two, that is to say, the 

 count of the monkeys of the Old World and man, but with a different 

 formula; a small molar more and a large molar less. Furthermore, 

 their teeth have certain insectivorous characters; the lower canine is 

 small; their molars interlock a little as those of the insectivora, and 

 the front ones have sharp, conical points. The lower incisors of certain 

 species are pointed. 



