THE LAST STEPS IN THE GENEALOGY OF MAN. (]83 



four it is necessary to class two fossil aiitliropoids, the riiopitheeuH 

 anfiqnus, noted in 1S37, by K. Laitet in the niiocene of tSansan (Gers), 

 an animal probably near to the gibbon, and the DryopitliecHS fontani, 

 found by Fontan in the niiocene of St. Gaodens (Haute Garonne), which 

 is incontestably an anthropoid, but different from the present anthro- 

 poids. I have not included the lao[)ithecus, an American monkey, which 

 would be the third fossil anthropoid known. One can also give as a 

 proof of evolution in the monkey group the Mcnojntheciis pentilici of 

 which Gaudry has unearthed the fragiueuts of twenty-live individuals 

 in the miocene of Pikermi, Greece. It does not belong in any of the 

 liresent genera, but approaches in its skull the semnopitheci, and the 

 macaque in its limbs. One can believe then that it is an ancestor of 

 both by a kind of doubling of type like that which was produced in a 

 large number of marsupial types. 



Vogt, in spite of himself, gives an argument in favor of this internal 

 evolution. In the arl)oreal life of monkeys there is gradation; the 

 monkeys of America and the semnopitheci never leave the trees; the 

 magots often set foot on earth and would be semi-arboieal; the ma- 

 caques and cynocei)hali are terrestrial. Now is it not permissible to 

 believe, seeing their perfect adaptation to life in the trees that the 

 magots and with much stronger reason — the macaques and cynocephali 

 correspond with an original effort in a new line, a way which continued, 

 we can conceive would cause them to grow straight or to have an inter- 

 mittently oblique attitude, and thus be helped to new adaptations. 



Finally, Gratiolet, at a period when he could scarcel3' have thought 

 of the doctrine of evolution which was about to s])read over the world, 

 and which at all events would have been repugnant to his religious 

 sentiments, put forth the idea of parallel series among the monkeys of 

 our continent; for exainple, the semnopitheci, proj)er to southern Asia 

 and the neighboring islands, leading to the gibbon and orang in the 

 same region, particularly in the southeast ; of the macaque and niagot 

 leading to the chimpanzee; and above all of the cynoce])halus leading 

 to the gorilla. Unconsciously Gratiolet ])repared the doctriiu* of the 

 derivation of man from the monkey, siding with the polygenistic ideas 

 then in favor in the school of anti-orthodoxy. 



This now leads us to our last g(MU'alogical stage, to the passage from 

 the monkey to man. 



III.— MAN. 



T will set forth on this point the i>rincii)al opinions that are current, 

 or which can be maintained. 



The iirst is that of the learned i>rofessor of Jena, lla'ckel. He is 

 monogenisti(; as to man, as he is monoi>hyletic con(;eMiing ea<Oi of the 

 brancnes and branchlets of his geneah)gical tiee. The tailless monkeys 

 of the Old Worhl constitute iiis nineteenth stage above the monera. 

 He divides tlu'm into four l)ranches. The fourth is the anthropoids, 

 divided into two branches, an African and an Asiatic; the latter he 



