THE LAST STEPS IN THE GENEALOGY OF MAN. 685 



cles. The present lemurs, the fossil uecrolemur, and the anaphtouior- 

 phns have in general three tubercles. But in man three tubercles 

 have been noticed ; Cope has published a long list of their degrees of 

 frequency among the races. It is a reversion towards the lemurs, and 

 not towards the monkeys and anthropoids. 



The present oi)iniou of Vogt is radically different; but as the learned 

 professor of Geneva has held at different times opinions almost diamet- 

 rically opposed and has played an important part in the cpiestion, we 

 will stop longer with him. Uis first way of looking at it was formulated 

 in his course of 18G2-'G4, before Darwin had fornuilly applied to nmn his 

 doctrine of the derivation of species one from the other by the mechan- 

 ism of selection, and before Ha^ckel had completed his course of 18G7- 

 '(JS, in which he showed for the first time his complete genealogical tree. 

 I] is second opinion is known to me by his magnificent book on the Mam- 

 mals, appearing in 1833 in France. 



First oi)inion : " Shall we admit scientitically the origin of the type 

 of man from that of the monkey ?" says Vogt on page (il7 of his " Lec- 

 tures on Man." " I have put before your eyes all the material known up 

 to the present able to contribute to the knowledge of the bridge which 

 shall span the abyss separating man from the monkeys." (I will give 

 the substance of his remarks) : I have shown to you the three great 

 anthropomorphic monkeys on the one hand and the lower human races 

 on the other forming uninterrupted series ; the most ancient cranial 

 forms approach to the simian type; furthermore the brain of a micro- 

 cephal re-produces, as if for our instruction, that which should be the 

 primitive brain, intermediate between that of man and that of the 

 monkeys - - - the descent of man from the monkeys by derivation. 

 But it does not follow that the descent operated in a single way. It 

 has secondary types among the human races as it has them among 

 the monkeys ; but prolong the parallel series of Gratiolet and we have 

 the multiple stocks of man. 



Here is Vogt's textual conclusion : " The summary of these facts far 

 from indicating a common stock, a uniijue intermediate form between 

 monkey and man, shows us on the contrary numerous parallel series 

 which must have developed (more or less circumscribed) from as many 

 parallel series of monkeys" (page (!2G). 



Second opinion : Less clear to my mind than the tirst. On the one 

 hand Vogt maintains his former ideas of the polygenistic simian descent, 

 on the other hand he reverses them by formally denying that man de- 

 scended from the monkey. The following will better show the inciting 

 causes which preceded his conclusion. 



The moidceys to day as in the Miocene and Pliocene epochs have 

 always been settled in tropicial cbmates, and are essentially arboreal; 

 they leap from branch to branch and do not go far afield, — even those 

 that are terricoles and clamber over the rocks. Between the monkeys 

 of the Old and ^ew Worlds the separation has been complete through 



