758 GEOGRAPHICAL LATITUDE. 



accompanying distortion. As to how the earliest maps were drawn, we 

 have no exact information ; but they were in all probability mere 

 sketches of the outlines of known lands, with a river and a city here 

 and there indicated, Mithout any thought of perspective.^ As to who 

 projected the first map of the world based on scientific principles, mod- 

 ern critics are not agreed ; but it seems probable that it origiuated with 

 Eratosthenes and was greatly improved by Hipparchus.^ This was 

 called a "planisphere" and supposed the known world hollow as seen 

 from a point on the opposite surface of the earth, directly vis-a-vis to 

 the center of the part represented.^ Hipparchus, dividing the distance 

 between the equator and the poles into 90 degrees, according to the di- 

 vision of the entire circle into 360 degrees, drew for each degree a paral- 

 lel of latitude, and, knowing himself the true latitude of but few places, 

 gave the astronomical conditions for determining it as groundwork for 

 his successors.'' Strabo.we have seen,did not favor Hipparchus's mani- 

 fold divisions of latitude;^ but he himself did not attempt to project a 

 new map, preferring the easier method of making changes in that of 

 Eratosthenes.'' 



However, in the text he goes into some detail as to his ideas of map- 

 making, prefers on the whole a globe of not more than 10 feet diam- 

 eter, and considers the next best thing a drawing of at least 7 feet 

 diameter, on which the lines of latitude would be parallel and the me- 

 ridians converge;'' the two "main Hues, " evidently the parallel and 

 meridian of Rhodes, to be at right angles.^ Marinus of Tyre, with 

 much better information than Hipparchus, tried to realize the lat- 

 ter's ideal of representing all places by their latitude and longitude.^ 

 Having nothing direct from him however, we pass at once to bis 

 successor and improver, Ptolemy.'" With this great scholar, classical 



' Mauuerfc aud Bailly under "A." Ukert, Geog. d. Gr. & RiJmer,,!. 81, referring to 

 the anecdote of Socrates leading Alcibiades to a map. 



'^Berger, Fragmenta d. Hipp., 29, 73. Mannert gives Anaximander the honor of 

 having made a globe, i. 11 ; also Bailly, Hist, d'astron, 198. Delambre says of Hip- 

 Ijarchus: " C'est d'apres la projection dont il est I'auteur que nous faisona encore 

 aujonrd'bui nos mappemondes et nos meilleures cartes g6ographiques" (Astron. au- 

 cieune, i. sv). 



^D'Avezac, Coup d'(Bil,etc., p. 275, calls it " la nouvelle projection d'Hipparche." 



■* Berger, as note "A." 



^Jbid., p. 44. 



^Grossturd's Strabo, i. Einleitung, ^S 7. p. xxx. 



^Ibid., 1.191. 



nUd., 197,198. 



9 Mannert, i. 7. 



^° Ibidem, i. 8: "Der Euhm der Erfiudung (eines neuen Systems) bleibt dem Mari- 

 nus, aber die Ausbesseruug des noch ziemlich rohen Entwurfs, ist das Verdienst 

 seines Nachfolgers Ptolemilus Alexandreia in Aegypten. Mit vorziiglicheu mathe- 

 uiatischen Kenntnissen ausgeriistet, mit mehreren neuern Eeisebeschreibungen ver- 

 sehen, Tvagte er sich an die Umarbeitung des marinischen Werks. Er ergiinzte das 

 Unvollstandige, verbesserte die Fehler welche er entdeckte, gab alien Often eine 

 bestimmte Lage, und zog die zu grosseu Messengen seines Vorgiingers von der LUuge 

 und Breite der bekannteu Erde mehr in das Engere. • 



