ACCIDENTS BY RAIL AND SEA. 141 



the same method and made the same diagnosis as Dr. Favre, and nearly 

 the same chissiflcation, with slight modifications. 



The foregoing seems to show that the question is now exciting atten- 

 tion in France, and this owing to the activity of a single individual. 

 It is obvious, however, that although Dr. Favre may have succeeded 

 in introducing measures insuring the communications against color-blind- 

 ness amongst the employes of the line to which he was himself attached, or 

 those of other lines, no reform has been generally recommended or intro- 

 duced on the French railways, and that absolutely no measures have 

 been taken in the navy. Besides, it is evident from certain passages in 

 Dr. Favre's pamphlet and from his opinion of the curability of congeni- 

 tal color-blindness, that the principles applied, where a control has been 

 introduced, have not been particularly rigorous. As to the elimination 

 of the color-blind personnel, it might with certainty be concluded that no 

 rigid rule has been followed ; from the fact that those only are dis- 

 charged from active service who ''cannot or only partially can distinguish 

 red, and are consequently dangerous," and the fact that of the forty-two 

 color-blind subjects detected by Dr. Favre in one of his examinations, 

 nine only were removed from active service. 



In Germany, where an interest in colur-blindness has been lately ex- 

 cited in many quarters, but little is presented in regard to the control of 

 this defect on railways and in the navy. We can supply only a few data 

 capable of throwing any light upon the state of the question there. 



In an article on the works of Dr. Favre, Mr. Blaschko points out the 

 importance of seriously making the sense of color amongst the person- 

 nel of railways an object of official scrutiny and control, according to 

 Dr. Favre's plan. 



Dr Stilling in 1875 gave us still further information in an account of a 

 method proposed by him for discovering color-blindness by means of 

 colored shadows. "Here also in Germany," says he, " several railway 

 companies have directed their attention to this subject (color-blindness), 

 and the time is probably not far distant when investigation amongst 

 railway personnel and others will be undertaken ex officio and eu 

 masse." We do not know how or in what measure this prediction may 

 be realized, but inasmuch as the late movement in Sweden was regarded 

 by the German papers as a new and extraordinary phenomenon, and as, 

 moreover, one of the most eminent physiologists of Germany writes us 

 that no general measures have been adopted with regard to it in that 

 country, we may conclude that no practical reformation on the subject 

 has been generally introduced there. 



We hear from Holland that measures with regard to this defect are 

 now on the road to execution. 



A rapid glance over the development and existing state of this ques- 

 tion in Sweden cannot be void of interest. In what is called the Lager- 

 lunda case or trial, instituted in consequence of a railway accident, of 

 which Lagerluuda in Ostrogothia was the theater, November 15, 1875, 



