312 THE INDIANS OF PERU. 



and also about tlie mouths of the Urubamba and Tambo. This change 

 from the dull, heavy-looking Oonibo, Sitibo, and Shipibo is possibly 

 owing to a modification in climate, which, about the country of the 

 Pirros tribe, is much more moderate as to temperature and damp- 

 ness. 



The surface of the country is also much more open a little way from 

 the river margins, and allows, therefore, of locomotion by other means 

 than that of the sluggish canoe. This difference of physical features of 

 a section must in the course of time make considerable difference in the 

 physique of races, and its effects are probably not more distinctive any- 

 where than in the tangled jungles of the Amazon and the open plains 

 of the La Plata basin. This physical distinction reacts on the morale 

 of the inhabitant, and substitutes for the sluggish, apathetic, and uncom- 

 municative native of the former location the active horseman, the bold 

 antagonist, and the ready occupant of the pampas of the temperate 

 regions to the south. The country inhabited by the Pirros tribe com- 

 municates with the headwaters of some of the Brazilian rivers, and 

 intercourse is more or less regularly kept up with the tribes of that 

 country, inducing similarity of customs, &e. The Pirros also communi- 

 cate with the country of Cuzco for trading purposes, and they show a 

 much greater vitality than those living down on the Lower Ucayali. 

 But, of all the tribes of the tributaries of the Ucayali, those of the 

 Tambo aud Ere Rivers and of the Cerro de la Sal, attract more atten- 

 tion by their long, persistent, and dangerous hostility to the whites. 

 They are known iu the old manuscripts as the *' Antis," and under the 

 name of Campas appear more conspicuously about the end of the last 

 century. The friars of Saint Francis seem to have made, among the 

 tribes of the Cerro de la Sal, greater progress in civilizing than else- 

 where in the MontaSa, and, from that portion of the valley of the Chan- 

 chamayo, of the Perene and Ere Rivers, they steadily pushed their way 

 to the Ucayali, and even down to the Maraiion, during the last century 

 But it appears that an apostate from Cbristianity, one of the race who 

 had been educated in Spain, returned to the land of his fathers, pro- 

 claimed himself as sent of God, to redeem his people from the tyranny 

 of the worship of the priests, and a general massacre of these holy pio- 

 neers forever put a stop to progress in the southwest part of the Pampa 

 del Sacramento. Since that time the route to the Ucayali by the Ere 

 aud Perene has been closed to the white man and the neighbor Indians; 

 and even government expeditions sent to reopen that road have been 

 baffled and compelled to retire before the ambuscades which the Campas 

 ever prepared for all who sought to disturb their water-front along the 

 Cerro de la Sal. Besides the Campas, living along these rivers there 

 were the Campantis, Pirros, and Simiuchis, although all were merged 

 or lost in the towering reputation of the Campas, and now, all along the 

 Ucuyali, the Pachitea, and, in fact, all the streams flowing from the 

 Pampa del Sacramento, that name is sufficient to startle a tribe into 



