452 ANNUAL EEPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1930 



skeletal remains are found in association with the remains of animals 

 and plants of this cold epoch, in such a way as to demonstrate that 

 man was a contemporary of these animals and plants, as, e. g., the 

 woolly mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, the reindeer as far south as 

 northern Spain. Man utilized the ivory of the mammoth and the 

 antlers of the reindeer for the manufacture of his implements. He 

 painted these animals on the w^alls of his caves and engraved them on 

 his tools. Plants of the arctic tundra are found in the deposits of the 

 habitations of man, and shells of clams belonging to the arctic zone — 

 Pecten islandicus and Cyprina Islandlca — show that the ocean and the 

 fresh water basins were cooled down to arctic temperature, even on the 

 northern coast of Spain. Almost innumerable finds illustrate these 

 facts and they have been studied with painstaking care by a number 

 of specialists all over Europe. 



Secondly, there is unanimous agreement that man was in Europe 

 even before the last period of severe cold. In the Somme Valley, 

 France, primitive stone implements of man occur in association with 

 animals quite different from those mentioned above. The arctic 

 forms are w-anting — no reindeer, no mammotli, no animals of the 

 tundra. A southern elephant was living there instead of the mam- 

 moth, and the hippopotamus, an animal w-hich can not live in waters 

 that freeze over, vras found in the rivers of France and England. In 

 the same rivers a bivalve, Gorhicula fiuminalis^ w'as common whicli 

 is now limited to Asia and Africa. All these facts exclude a glacial 

 climate at this period. Moreover, from the Seine Valley calcareous 

 tufas have been described, containing plants which require an aver- 

 age temperature 4° to 5° higher than is the temperature to-day at 

 the same place, Prehistorians designate this stage of human culture 

 as Chellean. Now, the following Acheulian stage, whose implements 

 of a finer make rest immediately upon those of the Chellean, con- 

 tains plant remains of a colder climate and the bones of mammoth 

 and reindeer, thus demonstrating that the cold with a new glaciation 

 was approaching. 



Hence it is proven beyond any reasonable doubt that man was in 

 Europe during a rather genial climate preceding the last glaciation, 

 and that he witnessed this process of glaciation from its beginning 

 to the complete disappearance of the ice. This conclusion is not based 

 on a few stone implements, nor on a fcAv bones of man found some- 

 where. It has been reached by the conscientious study of numerous 

 prehistoric stations of man throughout central and southern Europe. 

 These studies were carried out by well-trained scientists, amongst 

 whom a number of Catholic priests, such as Prof, Hugo Obermaier, 

 the Abbe Henri Breuil, the Abbes A. and J. Bouyssonie, Prof. F. 

 Birkner, are leading authorities. Owing to these researches a great 

 number of skeletal remains of man of the glacial period have been 



