AGE OF HUMAN RACE — KICHAHZ 461 



scientific viewpoint one has to look elsewhere for man's birthplace. 

 Tlie question then arises: How lonjj; diil man live in his place of 

 origin before he migrated into Europe? And even in Europe man 

 may have appeared much earlier than dnrin<jj the last inter<jlacial 

 period. For his presence durin^j^ this period we have conclusive 

 proofs confirmed by numerous observations and by the un;inimous 

 a«ireenient of scientists. There are, however, stronjx indications that 

 man was in P^urope in the second last inter<rlacial period. The 

 human jawbone found at Mauer near Heidelberg in association 

 with nianunals of a more ancient type is ascribed by Dr. Hufjo 

 Obermaier to this second last interjj^lacial. Likewise, some prehis- 

 toric sites containing? stone implements together with the same 

 ancient animals (Abbeville, France) are placed in the same period, 

 the pre-Chellean, by Father Obermaier,*^ Many other geologists 

 place even the Chellean in this second last interglacial period. If 

 these views be correct, the age of mankind would exceed the above 

 figure by many millenniums, because another recession and another 

 advance of the ice must be added and also the unknown duration of 

 the second last interglacial period. 



Even so, the possibilities are not yet exhausted. The problem of 

 Tertiary man has been very warndy discussed ever since the Abbe 

 Bourgeois first advanced such a thesis in 18G3. As skeletal remains 

 of man are to date lacking in deposits of this period, tlie whole dis- 

 cussion has centered around flints of peculiar shape, the eoliths. Ac- 

 cording to some, these indicate manufacture by an intelligent being, 

 while others consider them the products of mere natural processes. 

 The best experts in paleolithic industry rejected the hypothesis of the 

 human origin of eoliths, and thus the problem of Tertiary man 

 seemed to l)e settled in the negative. However, about a decade ago 

 flints were found in East England, near Ipswich, Suffolk, which re- 

 vived the old controversy. These flints, evidently of great age, are 

 considered by the great majority of experts as genuine human imple- 

 ments, although some specialists still reserve judgment. These im- 

 plements are found in two horizons: At the base of the red crag and 

 in its upper portion. The red crag is a marine deposit of the u])per 

 Pliocene (end of Tertiary time). The shells occurring in this crag, 

 especially in its upper part, are partly arctic, announcing (he aji- 

 proach of the glacial period. The Abbe H. Breuil, one of the ablest 

 and most critical students of paleolithic stone implements, regards 

 the flints found in the upper horizon of the red crag as intentionally 

 made by an intelligent being. Of a number of the peculiar flints 

 occurring at the base of the red crag, he says it is "absolutely impos- 

 sible to distingui.sh them from the classical implements" (that is, im- 



" Son : M. Eliert, KoaMexikon rliT Vor;;isclii<-lili', VdI. X. pp. I'-ll iind L'42, " rrrchcUiJcn," 

 by ObermaJpr. 



