482 ANNUAL, EEPOET SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1930 



3. The third type refers to the higher cultural stage, since it deals 

 with the breeding of domesticated animals, viz, reindeer. 



Still the breeding of reindeer in all its ways and methods is so 

 primitive as to rank on a level with hunting and fishing. 



Moreover, in several cases, the reindeer breeders, though economi- 

 cally better off, are in other respects even behind their fishing or 

 hunting neighbors, who for instance practice various handicrafts and 

 then exchange their artifacts for the produce of reindeer breeding. 

 Reindeer breeding also enters into combination with hunting and 

 fishing. In northern Eurasia, as a general rule, the tribes of hunters 

 do not wander afoot, but have some reindeer to supply the necessary 

 means of locomotion. The Tungus hunter can not very well do 

 without riding reindeer. Reindeer mounts supply the Tungus with 

 the means for wandering over immense areas, and only by means 

 of the riding reindeer could the Tungus spread over 10,000 kilometers 

 in extent from the eastern affluents of the Obi River down to Kam- 

 chatka and Saghalien, and from 70° of northern latitude in the 

 tundra down to the south, beyond the Chinese border. On the other 

 hand, extensive reindeer breeding does not come very well into com- 

 bination with fishing, because fishing presupposes a stay on the shores 

 of lakes and rivers, which have not sufficient lichen pastures and are 

 too much pestered by mosquitoes and reindeer flies. Extensive rein- 

 deer breeding presupposes continuous wandering with the reindeer, 

 while fishing is much more sedentary. 



At the same time, the better half of the northern tribes include 

 both types of pursuit practiced side by side, reindeer breeding and 

 fishing, or, with the Chuckchee, hunting of sea mammals. Some 

 tribes are divided into two branches, the reindeer breeding, who 

 wander throughout the tundra, and the sedentary, dwelling close 

 to the water and out of the water. The ways of life of both these 

 branches are often not only different but even antagonistic, as with 

 the Chuckchee, Avhere the driving dogs of the sedentary people rep- 

 resent the bitterest foe of the reindeer herds, and so the reindeer 

 breeders can not even come into the neighborhood of the Maritime 

 villages. 



Still, both parts of the tribe are conscious of their natural tie and 

 consider themselves to be of the same tribe. They intermarry freely 

 and in case of need act as one unit. It is open to question whether 

 they represent one natural unit practicing two pursuits of life, or 

 two different units who have brought out two different ways of life 

 and then gradually blended. 



