614 ANNUAL BEPOET SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1930 



because it was one of the first of that type brought to light in the 

 Southwest. Since then many pit houses have been located and un- 

 covered and the type has become widely known. 



The summer of 1920 was devoted to the excavation of additional 

 ruins on Mesa Verde. The most outstanding of these was the one 

 which Doctor Fewkes called New Fire Temple. It is considered one 

 of the most remarkable cliff dwellings in the park, if not in the 

 whole Southwest. Like Sun Temple, it had been erected purely for 

 ceremonial usage and from the evidence he obtained in uncovering it 

 Doctor Fewkes was convinced that it had been dedicated to the 

 sacred fire and probably to a form of fire worship. The other ruins 

 investigated that season were Cedar-Tree Tower and Painted Kiva 

 House. 



The following season, 1921, he completed the excavation of Far 

 View House, repaired and capped its walls to protect them from the 

 weather and also repaired and capped the walls of Sun Temple. 

 During the course of his investigations in the Southwest, beginning 

 with his work at Casa Grande in Arizona, Doctor Fewkes always 

 made it a point to repair and protect the ruins which he exca- 

 vated. So persistent was he in his belief that ruins should be pro- 

 tected once they were uncovered and so untiring was his advocacy 

 of that pratice that in the course of time most of the institutions 

 engaged in extensive work in the region followed his lead. 



The field seasons of 1921 and 1922 were the last ones which 

 Doctor Fewkes spent at Mesa Verde. His work then consisted of 

 the excavation and repair of several small ruins, Pipe Shrine House 

 and One Clan House being the most significant. Both represent 

 an earlier stage of development than that of the large cliff-dwellings 

 und furnished him with data upon which to draw conclusions con- 

 cerning the sequence of building types in the park. 



At the beginning of his work on the Mesa Verde Doctor Fewkes 

 started a custom which became popular with the visitors to the 

 park. Each night a group would gather around his camp fire and 

 he would tell them of the Indians, of his finds, of his views and ideas 

 concerning the ruins which he was excavating. With the passing of 

 the years the number of visitors rapidly increased and a special 

 place had to be provided for the evening camp fire so that all who 

 were desirous of hearing the talks might attend. As a result of 

 this Doctor Fewkes had a tremendous influence in arousing an 

 interest in the story of the Southwest and creating an appreciation 

 for the excavators and their problems. 



The creation of the Hovenweep National Monument, including the 

 McElmo district in Colorado, in 1923 and the Wupatki National 

 Monument in Arizona in 1925 may be attributed to Doctor Fewkes' 

 untiring efforts to have those districts set aside and preserved by the 

 Government. 



