458 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 193 2 



account to an impossible size. For similar reasons little reference 

 has been made to previous writers, though acknowledgments have 

 been made whenever the parentage of an idea or a statement was 

 known. In addition to the books or articles already referred to the 

 following- may be quoted : 



Social Adaptation : A Study in the Development of the Doctrine of Adapta- 

 tion as a Theory of Social Progress, by Lucius Moody Bristol. Harvard 

 Economic Studies, vol. 14. Harvard University Press [Milford, London], 1915. 



Warfare in the Human Body: Essays on Method, Malignity, Repair, and 

 Allied Subjects, by Morley Roberts. Eveleigh Nash, London [1920]. 



Does Man's Body Represent a Commonwealth? by Sir Arthur Keith. The 

 R. P. A. Annual, 1924, pp. 2-12. 



Concerning Man's Origin, by Prof. Sir Arthur Keith. Watts, London, 1927. 



The Theory of Historical Cycles, by R. G. Collingwood. I. Oswald Spongier. 

 Antiquity, vol. 1, pp. 311-325, 1927. II. Cycles and Progress, ibid., pp. 435-446. 



Note of criticism on the above, by Sir Flinders Petrie, published in Antiquity, 

 1928, vol. 2, pp. 207-208. 



The Ascent of Humanity : An Essay on the Evolution of Civilization, by 

 Gerald Heard. Jonathan Cape, London, 1929. Reviewed in Antiquity, 1930, 

 vol. 4, pp. 5-11. 



The above list does not claim to be in any sense a bibliography or 

 even a complete list of " books and articles consulted." Some of 

 these, and among them some of the most important, have been quoted 

 already in the footnotes. Some account of the principal philoso- 

 phers who have dealt with the subject will be found in the books 

 quoted, particularly in the first mentioned (Mr. Bristol's). 



NOTE II 



The early stages of integration are naturally the most difficult to 

 observe, partly because in them it is A^ery difficult to say whether the 

 unit is the evolving group or the individual forming part of it; and 

 partly because historically the hypothetical nomadic precursors have 

 vanished leaving but the scantiest traces of their existence. Their 

 very mode of life insures this. Precisely the same difficulty is en- 

 countered in biology. 



Which are the individuals of the colonial polyp Obelia — the polyps at the end 

 of the branches or the colony as a whole? If separateness be the criterion the 

 colony is the individual ; but what then of the medusae, for a time part of the 

 colony, then budded off to lead an independent existence? A single worker 

 ant is separate and distinct enough ; but it is not independent, and has no more 

 biological meaning apart from the ant community than has a human finger 

 amputated from the body. 



The writer decides that 



An individual is not a stable thing in itself, but rather a history, a series of 

 events tied together and unified in a particular way. 



