DYNAMIC MKl'EOROl.OGV. 357 



III. Tbeoietical hydiod^nainics applied to the iiiotioii of the air. 



10. Koppcn. 18. Eliot. 



11. Ferrel. li). Sir William Thoiiisou. 

 1'^. Sprung. 20. Oberlieck. 



i:}. Greely. 21. Oberbeck. 



14. Scott. 22. Oberbeck. 



I.''). Hlanford. 2:?. Helinholtz. 



1(). Davis. 24. Diro Kitao. 



17. Abercromby. 25. Fluid motion. 



IV. Tliermo-d.ynamics of atmosplieiic ])lienoineiioii. 



2B. lutroiluctory. 27. Bezold. 



V. Predictiou of storms and weather. 



28. Abbe. 



I.— LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON FLUID MOTION. 



The iinitatiou in laboratory experiments oT natural motions of the 

 atmosphere oft'ers an instructive and iascinating tield for research. 

 Among those who have contributed to this subject are: 



(1) Helmholtz, in 1857, first solved analytically the problems of vortex 

 motion, and in 1SG8 those of jets, both beino- illustrations of general 

 l)ropositions in discontinous motions. Kirchhoii" immediately followed 

 with solutions of other cases, and since then W. Thomson, J. J. Thom- 

 son, Eayleigh, Hicks, and other English writers, Oberbeck, Planck, 

 Zoppritz, Bertrand, Boussiuesq, Saint Vincent, and others, have added 

 to these conquests of analysis. The experimental illustrations and 

 veritications of their results have been especially due, as regards jets 

 in liquids, to Savart 1833, Bidoiie 1838, Eayleigh 1879, Oberbeck 1877, 

 Eeynolds 1883, and as regards jets and whirls in air to Vettin 1857 

 to 1887, Colladon and Weyher 1887. 



(2) Oherhech. — As long ago as 1877 this mathematician, by careful 

 experiments, reproduced the results analytically^ obtained by himself 

 and predecessor, all of which will be found in the appended translation 

 of his memoir on discontinuous motions. These jets in water have a 

 close analogy to the columns of M^arm air that rise in the atmosphere. 



(3) Vettin^ of Berlin, whose work began 1850, and whose first publi- 

 cation was in I'oggendorrt's Annalen of 1857, met with an opposition 

 from I)o\'e, that seems to have inspired him with the resolution to ob- 

 serve and experiment until all doubt was settled. Consequently, we 

 owe to Vettin a remarkable series of observations on clouds and most 

 instructive experiments, illustrating the whole convective i)rocess by 

 which heat and moisture are carried by the air from the ground to the 

 upper atmosphere, and inversely the dryness, cold and motion of the 

 upper air brought down to us. Vettin's latest contributions are in the 

 volumes of the Meteorologische Zeitschrift for 1887. 



(4) Bezold, who, in 188G, was called from Munich to Berlin to take 

 charge of the reorganized Meteorological Institute of Prussia, has pub- 



