ANTHROPOLOGY. 503 



the same ({Uestion in Norway, aud A. Fallot publishes a note npon the 

 index of the Proven9als. 



With reference to the external characteristics of the hninan body, 

 none attracts so nincli attention as color of the skin, hair, and eyes. 

 Both in Germany and in Fiance commissions have been appointed by 

 the Government to report on this snbject. In certain lines of investi- 

 gation this mnst lead to excellent resnlts. Admitting that all varia- 

 tions in our species are the composite result of a struggle between the 

 environment and the species, it is incontrov^ertible that these changes 

 will take place more rapidly at those points where the battle rages most 

 fiercelj', at the most exposed points, where sunlight and heat and actin- 

 ism, where humidity and aridity, heat and cold, and the like have made 

 their fiercest attacks upon us. The most eminent anthropologists have 

 not been unmindfiU of this. DeCandolle, Pommerol, Hansen, Variot, 

 riinker, and Topinard, in n^auy papers, have brought together the re- 

 sults of the public in(iuiries and pointed out the way to better methods. 



Longevity is the subject of several publications that have appeared. 

 There are several factors which enter into the count of race vitality, 

 namely, fecundity, longevity, and energy or vigor, both bodily and 

 mental. There are vague accounts of long-lived individuals, but it is 

 only recently that means have been adopted for verifying the state- 

 ment as regards individuals aud for reaching definite conclusions re- 

 specting the life periods of races, communities, or peoi)les. 



M. Turquan aud M. Tissaudier have collected the statistics of macro- 

 bians. Signor Corradi and Signor Trussardi have written treatises on 

 longevity in relation to history, to anthropology and hygiene. Other 

 papers on the same subject have appeared by Ornstein, Qum])lirey, and 

 Ledyard. On the subject of vigor Signor Zqja has investigated methods 

 of measuring the muscular force of various races. 



Further researches in this same line are the study of chest types in 

 man, the Mongolian eye, physiognomic, prehension, right-handedness, 

 erectness of posture, the senses of savages, bodily size and stature, vital 

 statistics, the preservation of vigor, weight, hairiness, and baldness. 



There is a mooted question concerning the relative advantage of sav- 

 agery and civilization as regards vitality. On May 24, 1888, George 

 Ilarley read an essay before the London Anthropological Institute on 

 the relative recuperative powers of man living in a rude, and man living 

 in a highly civilized, state, in which he brought forward a number of 

 hitherto unpublished though mostly well known facts, demonstrating 

 that the refining intluence of civilization had not been altogether the un- 

 alloyed boon we so fondly imagine it to have been. For the cases cited 

 went far to demonstrate the fact that while man's physique as well as 

 his mental power had increased during his (^volution from a barbaric 

 state into a condition of bienseance, his recuperative capacity, on the 

 other hand, has materially deteriorated. In fact, it appears from the ex- 

 amples cited that every appliance adding to man's bodily comfort as 



