ANTHROPOLOGY. 521 



A. Marro. Auatomical observations ou the brains and skulls of criiiii- 

 uals : (1. Minji^azziiii. The actions of criminals : Pitre. The principle 

 of causation in criminal science : F. Puj^lia. Notes on crime and acci- 

 dents in Norfolk at the time of Edward I : W. Rye. Studies upon a 

 century of crime : V. Rossi. Grimiuology : M. Tarde. The frontal 

 crest in' criminals: Tenchini. (Criminal anthropology: Paul Topinard. 

 Creating criminals : Amos (i. Warner. The essential elements which 

 should be present in criminal statistics and the means of rendering' them 

 comparable: E. Younes, 



Close on tlie heels of crime attends, the punishment, and the one has 

 had as varied a history as the other. lTi)on this subject has appeared 

 crucilixion in ihe ancient east by George Kawlinson. Judicial exe- 

 cutions : J. J. Z. Marshall. The prison world : E. Gautier. Genesis 

 and function of legal penalties : Angelo Vaccaro. 



The police system of various countries and all the paraphernalia of 

 arrest should also hnd a place in this department of sociology. 



Chinese civilization has a sympathizing exponent in the volume of M. 

 Simon. The most civilized state, according-to this author, is that " in 

 wliich on a given area, the largest possible number of human beings 

 are able to procure and distribute most equally amongst themselves the 

 most well-being, liberty, justice, and security." Upon this scale China 

 IS pronounced to be the most highly civilized country in the world. 

 " Its history shows the phenomena of heredity in regular succession, 

 neither modified nor obstructed by change of medium, with the evolu- 

 tion of events and ideas — an evolution as regular as that of living 

 beings freely proceeding unshaken and untroubled by any exterior iu- 

 tluence, by which its direction might have been altered, or its develop- 

 ment i-etarded ; and it is here that we find the deei) and original interest 

 of China, and perhaps also the secret of her extraordinary longevity." 



PHILOSOPHY, MYTHOLOGY", AND FOLK-LORE. 



Among the lowest tribes of men all lore and myth is an attempt to 

 explain phenomena. This was long ago pointed out by Peschel. Among 

 the higher races we may study metaphysics, ethics, folk-lore, and re- 

 ligion as somewhat separate problems. Even here they are much in- 

 tertwined. The philosophy of living in this world has never been able 

 to disengage itself from a world beyond, a si)irit world, acquainted with 

 ours, mrtuencing it, and often believed to dominate over the life beyond. 



For the i)urpose of scientific investigation, religion is here defined to 

 include the following topics: 



(1) Social organization in view of the spirit world; in general terms, 

 the clergy and laity of a people. This we may call the Church. 



(2) The beliefs of a people about the spirit world embodied in their 

 sacred books, national epics, myths, and folk-lore. This we may call 

 the Creed. 



