762 SCIENTIFIC RECORD FOR 1885. 



are of special interest to the American naturalist. Of course zoologists 

 cultivating limited fields of research will find in omissions cause for 

 censure, and may urge that discoveries of inferior importance have 

 been noticed to the exclusion of those better entitled to it. It is freely 

 admitted that this charge may even be justly made; but the limits 

 assigned to the record have been much exceeded, and the recorder has 

 studied the needs of the many rather than of the few. The summary 

 is intended, not for the advanced scientific student, but for those who 

 entertain a general interest in zoology or some of the better-known 

 classes. 



A partial bibliography of noteworthy memoirs and works relating to 

 different classes of animals is supplied in the present article, and will, 

 it is hoped, prove to be of use to those to whom the voluminous bibli- 

 ographies and records of progress in science are inaccessible. It has 

 been a difficult matter to select the titles which might be most advan- 

 tageously introduced in a limited report like the present. Articles of 

 a general interest or of special importance as contributing to throw light 

 on the affinities of certain groups have been given the first place. Neces- 

 sarily many very important papers have not been referred to and very 

 few descriptive of species have been admitted and only when unusual 

 interest attaches to the new species or the groups which they enlarge 



The compiler desires to make special acknowledgment for most mate- 

 rial assistance to the Zoologischer Anzeiger of Professor Carus, and to 

 the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society^ whose abstracts of in- 

 vestigations have been freely drawn upon in the preparation of those 

 for the present report. 



SYNOPSIS OP ARRANGEMENT. 



GENERAL ZOOLOGY. 

 I. PROTOZOANS. Ehizopods ; Sporozoans ; Infusorians. 

 II. PORiFERS. sponges. 



III. CGELENTERATES. Polyps ; Acalephs. 



IV. ECHINODERMS. Criuoids ; Asterioids ; Echinoids ; Holothu- 



rians. 

 v. WORMS. EotifersjPlatyhelminths; Nematelminths; Annelids. 

 VI. ARTHROPODS. Merostomcs; Crustaceans; Arachnids; Insects. 

 VII. MOLLUSCOIDS. Polyzoaus ; Brachiopods. 

 VIII. MOLLUSKS. Acephals; Gastropods; Cephalopods. 

 IX. PROTOCHORDATES. Tunicatcs. 



X. VERTEBRATES. Fish-like Vertebrates ; Leptocardians ; Se- 

 lachians; Fishes; Amphibians; Reptiles; Birds; Mammals. 



GENERAL ZOOLOGY. 



Cell changes. — A number of experiments have been made by Dr. O. 

 Lacharias to determine the effect of various media and environments on 

 the behavior of cells. The mixture used by him was a 5 per cent, solu- 



