THE RAY COLLECTION FROM HUPA RESERVATION. 209 



Ijorijs bored a round hole tlirou^^U it, barely large enough to admit the 

 passage of an Indian on all fours. The cabin beijig built entire! 3^ of 

 wood and not thatched accounts partly for the healthy looking eyes of 

 the Klamath tribes. A space in front of the cabin was kept clean-swept, 

 and frequently paved with cobbles, with a larger one i)lacetl each side 

 of the door holes, and on this pavement the squaws sat weaving baskets. 



The assembly chamber of the Karoks in California is wholly under- 

 ground 5ind oblong, the dimensions being 10 feet by <3 feet and about 7 

 feet high. The roof is flatfish and level with the earth. It is puncheoued 

 up inside and air-tight, except the liatcliway at the side. 



This structure is used as club-room, council-house, dormitory, suda- 

 tory and medical examination room. No squaw may enter on penalty 

 of death, except to stand her examination for M. D. 



During cold weather perpetual tires burn, and there are enough in each 

 village to furnisli sleeping room for all adult males thereof. The wood 

 is gathered by the men. (See Powers' Cout. IST. A. Ethnol., Ill, p. 25, 

 for curious manner of cutting this w^ood. Also his frontispiece for a 

 picture of the sweat-house). 



Another style of lodge very seldom seen was as follows: A circular 

 cellar 3 or 4 feet deep and 12 feet wide was dug and the side walled up 

 with stone. Around this cellar, at a distance of a few feet from the edge 

 of it, was erected a stone wall. On this wall they leaned up poles, pun- 

 cheons, and broad sheets of red wood bark, covering the cellar with a 

 conical-shaped inclosure. 



Sometimes the stone wall, instead of being on the inside of the wig- 

 wam, supporting the poles, was on the outside, around the end of the 

 [loles, and served to steady them. 



Shiftless Indians neglected to wall up the cellars either with stone or 

 wood, leaving only a bank of earth. In the center of the cellars w^as a 

 live sided tirepit, walled with stone, as in the common square cabin. 

 This cellar was both dining-room and dormitoryj a man lying with his 

 head to the w^all iiad his feet in comfortable position for toasting before 

 the lire. Under his head or neck was a wooden pillow a little rounded 

 out on top. (Fig. 5, Powers', p. 74.) 



The most humble dwelling of all is called the '' wickiup," which is little 

 more than a booth, with wind-break on the north side, awning overhead, 

 and the minimum of comfort and safety everywhere. 



The Hupa houses are said to have been half cellars, half shanties, the 

 eaves of the roof only a foot or two from the surface, in which they slept 

 on the ground, formerly on skins, latterly on blankets, their pillow-blocks 

 of wood 12 inches long at the top, 3 inches wide, and four inches high, 

 resembling the neck part of an ox-yoke inverted (Fig. 5). The North 

 American Indians did not generally use such head-rests, which are 

 very cojnmon in China aiidJapan and among the two Oceanic races — the 

 Malayo Polynesians and the I'apuans. Lieutenant Eay says that many 

 of the old people still use these pillows, Stephen Powers also mentiou§ 

 H. Mis, 170 14 



