THE RAY COLLECTION FROM HUPA RESERVATION. . 219 



the samc! distance a])iirt, held lirinly in plac(; by a ooiitinuous coil of 

 twined osier about three-fourths of an inch between the turns. Four 

 radial bars of black break the monotony of the fabric and produce a 

 pretty effect. 



PIPES AND SMOKING. 



The Indians of northern California smoked formerly a wild tobacco, 

 Nicotiana qitadrivalris {Gray), N. pJmnh agin if olkc (Bolander). It was 

 smoked alone or mixed with dry manzanita leaves {ArctosiapliyloH 

 (jlauca). ]\Ir. Powers says that it has a pungent, peppery taste in the 

 pipe, which is not disagreeable. 



The pipes are conoidal in shape, and are either of wood alone, stone 

 alone, or latterly' of stone and woo<l combined, as will appear further on. 

 (Plate viii-ix, Figs. 01-73.) The beginning of such a pipe would be a 

 hollow reed, or pithy stem, with tlie tobacco deposited in one end. A 

 plain cone of wood lifted for smoking starts the artificial series. (Fig. 

 Gl). Rude pipes are cut out of one piece of laurel or manzanita and 

 shaped like a fisherman's wood maul or one of the single-handed war- 

 clubs of the Pueblo Indians. (Fig. 02.) The length of stem is about 11 

 inches; length of bowl, 2^ inches: diameter of bowl, 2 inches ; of stem, 

 % of an inch. The bowl is a cup- shaped cavity, very shallow. The 

 whole specimen is very rude, looking as though it had been chipped out 

 with a hatchet or heavy fish-knife. 



The next grade of pipes are of hard wood resembling the last described 

 in type, but very neatly finished. The stem is about 14 inches long 

 and j%ths of an inch thick. The head is spherical, 1^ inches in diameter. 

 The bowl is cup-shaped and the cavity nearly 1 inch in diameter. (Fig. 

 G4.) 



A small pipe of soapstoue is also used, in which the straight pipe is 

 presented in its simplest form. (Fig. 05.) Length, 2g inches. 



There are also pipes of fine-grained sandstone of graceful outline, re- 

 sembling in shape a ball bat, 7 inches long, 7J inches wide in the thickest 

 part. A very noteworthy thing about this pipe is the extreme thinness 

 of the walls. (Fig. 03.) At the mouth part, where it is thickest, the 

 stone does not exceed one-eighth of an inch, while through the upper 

 portion it is less than one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness. The cavity 

 does not present the series of rings which appear in stone that has been 

 bored out, but innumerable longitudinal scratches fill the inner surface. 



The oidy solution of this appearance is that the interior was excavated 

 by the use of a file or other hard tool. By the great size of its interior, 

 this i^ipe is connected with the tubular objects from the mounds called 

 telescopes by some, sucking tubes by others, and pipes by others. (See 

 Dr. Abbott's paper in Wheeler's Survey West»of One Hundredth Merid- 

 ian, Vol. YII, pi. Yii and text.) 



The stone pipes were taken from old graves, and this kind are now 

 no longer in use. 



