THE RAY COLLECTION FROM IIUPA RESERVATION. 223 



are not proi)erl3' knives, but jewelry for sacred purposes, passing cur- 

 rent also as money. 



The lire-drill is of the simplest type, consisting of two pieces of soft 

 cedar or redwood. The opinion is commonly held that the fire-drill 

 must consist of a soft bed and a hard drill-piece. In this example both 

 are of soft wood. Among the Pueblo Indians sand is placed in the 

 cavity of the lower stick to increase by i'riction both the heat and the 

 pulverization of the wood. 



Elk-horn wedges, sharpened by rubbing on stones, are indispensa- 

 ble to the woodmen (Plate x. Pig. 79). Selecting a fallen redwood, 

 straight and free from knots, they hack a notch a few inches deep 

 reaching a third or more of the way around the tree. 



By means of the wedges and stone hammer (Fig. 2-4) they split oft a 

 kind of jacket slab long enough for tlie height of the wigwam, 2 or 3 

 inches thick and 4 or 5ieet wide. This puncheon observes the curva- 

 ture of the tree, but on being e.\posed to the sun for a few days it 

 warps out ilat. They then dress it smooth with elk-horn or flint axes. 

 (Powers, 101.) 



SPECIAL INDUSTRIES. 



The special industries of the California Indian men were connected 

 with hunting and fishing. 



The Wahikki method of capturing deer is to run them down afoot. 

 These animals have very much the habit of running in certain trails 

 and tlie Indians make these trails a study ; they post relays of men at 

 points where the aniiiial is apt to pass, and so give hiin continual chase 

 until he is out of his range and thus get him so bk>wn that iie either 

 stands at bay or takes to the water. 



An old hunter narrates that he has seen them often capture a fine buck 

 in this manner. Then again they construct two slight lines of brush- 

 wood fence converging to a ]K)int where a snare is set, and chase the 

 animal into this snare. 



Besides this, they often ran down hare and rabbits. This is more 

 easily done. A company of Indians get together in a space of meadow 

 or in an o])en wood and whoop and beat the cover to flush the quarry. 

 Territied by the noise the animal runs wild, springs in the air, and leaps 

 S(iuare oif Irom a straight run even when nothing moves or makes a. 

 noise near it, and so beats itself completely out, or slii)S into a- bnrrow. 

 This is sport for the Indians, who whoop, laugh, swing their arms, lling 

 clnbs, and make a deal of noise. Mr. Powers says an Indian boy can 

 run a rabbit to cover in ten minutes, split a stick fine at one end, thrust 

 it down the hole, twist it into his scut and i)ull him out alive. 



The Humboldt Bay Indians catch deer or elk in a trap constructed as 

 follows: Two long lines of brushwood fence, or of strii)s of bark tied 

 from tree to tree, converge until they compel tlie elk to pass through a 

 narrow chute. At this point the Indians place a pole in such manner 

 that the animal is obliged to let down his horns to pass underneath and 



