226 PAPERS EELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 



lashed to a liaiidle of wood, almost identical with the oue employed by 

 the Eskimo of Port Barrow, etc. (92 and 9G). 



Note. — A very curious metamorplaobis of the Eskimo type is the following : For- 

 merly the Alaskan Eskimo chipped their arrow-head and skin-scrapers with a com- 

 pound flint chipper of bone and rubbed the brash edge down to prevent tearing the 

 skin. When he substituted the steel for the stone blade, he still employed the arrow- 

 chipper to take the wire-edge off the blade. Finally he has invented a somewhat 

 similar tool, with a beaver tooth in place of a bone, and this tool is now labelled 

 knife-shariieuer in most collections. 



The Hupa tool for chipping arrow-heads is thus used : The work is held 

 in the palm of the hand, which is protected by a buckskin pad, and the 

 chips are flaked oft" by pressing on the edge of the flint with the tool 

 held in the right hand, the ball of the handle resting in the palm. The 

 Point Barrow Eskimo also press downward in chipping with a similar 

 tool. 



" The Yiard arrow-maker," says Powers, " takes a j>iece of jasper, chert 

 obsidian, or common flint, which breaks sharp-cornered and with a 

 conchoidal fracture ; this he heats in the fire and then cools slowly, 

 which splits it in flakes. Then taking one of these flakes he gives ii 

 an ai)j)roximatcly right shape by striking it with a rough hammer, then 

 slips over his left hand a piece of buckskin with a hole to lit over the 

 thumb (this buckskin is to prevent the hand from being wounded), and 

 in his right hand he takes a pair of buck-horn pincers tied together at 

 the point with a thong. Holding the piece of flint in his left hand he 

 breaks off from the edge of it a tiny fragment with the jiincers, by a 

 twisting or wrenching motion. The piece is often reversed in the hand 

 so that it may be worked awaysymmetrically. Arrow-head manufact- 

 ure is a specialty, just as arrow-making, medicine, and other arts." 

 These i)iucers are probably only our compound chipper. With the 

 Klamath Eiver Indians a piece of bone is fastened to a wooden shaft 

 IJ feet in length, the working point of which is crooked and raised to 

 an edge, the force employed being all the time solely pushing. To 

 guide the instrument with a steady hand the handle is held between 

 the arm and the breast, while the point, with but little play room, as- 

 sisted by the thumb, works on the edge of the flake, which again is held 

 for greater safety in a piece of deerskin. After the two sides have 

 been worked down to a i^oint then another instrument is required, with 

 which the barbs and projections are broken out. This is a needle or 

 awl of about 3 inches in length, and by a pushing motion the desired 

 pieces are broken out, as with the first-mentioned tool. 



These Indians have also what (Plate xxi. Fig. 90) is called an "arrow 

 straightener," which they use to straighten arrow-shafts, and likewise 

 their arrows that have become warped by use. This tool is employed 

 thus: The arrow-shaft (Plate xx, Fig. 84) is passed through a slot, and 

 the workman looks along the shaft and nips it with the tool where it is 

 crooked. They go over the arrows with the straightener several times 

 while working them down with a knife. For lashingthehead and feather 



