THE RAY COLLECTION FROM ITITPA RESERVATION. 229 



war and for bi^ game are usually made from (lint and obsidian, and 

 more recently of iron and steel. Tiio Hakes for the stone beads are 

 knocked off by means of a pitcliin^- tool of deer antler. The stone heads 

 are made with a chipper com{)osed of a crooked handle to which is 

 lashed a short piece of anther percisely similar to those which I col- 

 lected at rt. Barrow. The work is held in the left baud on a pad and 

 flaked off by pressure with the tool in the ris;ht hand in exactly the 

 same manner as I found the Innuits doinq; in Northern Alaska. 



The bows made by these people are effective for game up to 50 or 75 

 yards, and would inllicta serious wound at 100 yards. At 50 yards the 

 arrows will penetrate a deer irom live to ten inches. I never heard of 

 (nie passing entirely tlirough a deer. The elk-skin armor which I send 

 to the Museum, Fig. 105, is proof against any arrow. 



The eye is formed in the middle of the bow-string, by a running knot, 

 the bow-string is then twisted, the riglit length measured off, ami the 

 noose formed by making a half hitch so as to bring the string in the 

 middle of the belly side of the nock. The rest of the string is wrapped 

 around the nock and fastened off" by gaining and tucking. 



The ornamentation of these bows is done in red and blue paint, the 

 forms being chiefly the triangle omuiprescut in tbe ITupa decorator's 

 imagination. 



I shall speak more fully of the development of the sinew back in a 

 paper on savage archery now preparing, and will merely draw attention 

 here to the perfect success which has been achieved in converting the 

 breaking strain upon a brittle wood into the tensile strain ui^on the 

 toughest fiber in the world. 



Another point noticed by Mr. John Murdoch is the similarity of these 

 bows to those of some Tinneh tribes in the elliptical shape of the limbs. 

 The Eskimo have in some localities this form in the sinew-backed bow. 



For a quiver (Fig. 101) the Yurok takes the skin of a raccoon or mar- 

 tin, turns it wrong side out, sews it up, and suspends it behind him by 

 a string passed over one shoulder and under the other, while the striped 

 tail flutters gaily in the air at bis shoulder. 



In the animal's head he stuffs a quantity of moss, as a cushion for 

 the arrow-heads to rest in, to prevent breakage. 



The Ilupas employ the skin of the coon, iiiartin, deer, fox, and otter 

 for making their quivers. 



The Hupas and Klamath Indians no longer use the stone club of the 

 meri or patoo pattern. The specimen described by Lieutenant Hay was 

 found in a grave; it is made of chloritic schist, and measures 13 inches 

 long. The old men informed Lieutenant Say that they were in common 

 use before the advent of the white man. The meri form occurs here and 

 there in the new world, but never so graceful in outline, so beautifully 

 polished, nor in such hard material as the typical weapon which reached 

 its perfection in l^aw Zealand. 



The function of weapons belonging to this class in our day is the kill- 

 ing of large fish, like the lialibut of the Pacific coast. The jSTational 

 Museum contains several fish-killing clubs, somewhat resembling this 



