286 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 



near tbe Umatilla lauding is another from wliicli Mrs. Kunzie has ob- 

 tained many valuable articles. 



Implements. — We come next to the articles found in various places. 

 They are of various descriptions. 



Stone hammers. — These are very different from those on Puget Sound, 

 the latter being in the form of a pestle, while the former have a groove, 

 and occasionally two or three grooves, or even four, around thorn, where 

 a wooden handle of some length was fastened. They look somewhat like 

 a Puget Sound sinker for fishing, but are very much larger, while the 

 testimony of the old Indians and the battered ends testify* that most oi' 

 them were hammers. They vary in weight from 9 ounces to 8^ pouuds, 

 in length from 4 to inches, in Avidth from 2^ to 5:^ inches, and in thick- 

 ness from If to 4 inches. Occasionally they are found without battered 

 ends, either having been unused or used as sinkers in fishing. They 

 are rough like beach stones, and were probably originally such stones. 

 Some are of sandstone, others of volcanic origin, with some other kinds 

 such as might be picked up anj^where. Only one of this kind have I ever 

 seen on Puget Sound, and that was longer in proportion to its size than 

 those of Oregon. The Oregon ones are very abundant, being seen in 

 almost every cabinet of implements, and being found in Washington, 

 Clackamas, Multnomah, and Linn Counties, and probably in others. 

 Some of the heavier of these fastened to the end of a stick would strike 

 a heavy blow either as an implement of common use or as a war club, 

 A solitary one is peculiar in that, while it has a single groove running 

 around it crosswise, it has also a large number running lengthwise of it 

 on three sides, about a half an inch wide, and from one-fourth to three- 

 fourths of an inch apart. 



Festles and mortars. — These are not found on the sound, for here are 

 no acorjis to pound up. In Oregon they are abundant. Our hammers 

 are much like some of their pestles, but some of the latter are quite 

 different. A very smooth one, well polished, is of jasper, Sf inches long 

 and 4 inches thick at the base, with a good handle, and quite sym- 

 metrical. The end of the handle of one has a place for two fingers ; 

 the handle of another is in the shape of a seal head, with an eye raised, 

 while that of the third looks like a bear, which is large in the middle, 

 and said by the Indians to be with young. Another is flat on two sides, 

 though the ends are round and the handle end is crooked a little like a 

 bow. Another is flat only on one side. Still another seems to have 

 been a pestle at the handle end, and a blunt edge at the other. Two or 

 three very small ones were probabl\^ used to grind their paint, the 

 smallest of which is 3i inches long, and seven-eighths of an inch thick. 

 Generally the others vary in length from 5J to 11;^ inches, in thick- 

 ness from 2 to 4 inches, and in weight from 1 pound and G ounces to G^ 

 pounds. They are generally cylindrical, though a few are a little flat- 

 tened. Some are almost straight from one end to the other, with no 

 special place for a handle, tapering a little towards the upper end. I 



