668 



EXPLORATIONS IN MONGOLIA ANlt TIBET. 



southwest direction the coiiutry of the Paiiaka or Panakasum, as the 

 Tibetan tribes inhabiting these regions are called. These tribes, which 

 were in past centuries located principallj^ south of the Yellow River 

 all the way from the Chinese frontier to its sources at Karmat'ang, 

 have within the last hundred years pushed northward and dispossessed 

 the Mongol owners of these rich i)asture lands, driving them either 

 into the foothills around the swampy Ts'aidam or nearer to the Chi- 

 nese borders. The Tibetan tribes which first came to the Kokonor were 

 eight in number nnd all bore the word Na in their names, hence the 



Firi, 5.— Panalja Tibetan camp in mountains near Shang. 



mixed Chinese-Tibetan name of Panaka by which they are now known 

 and which they use in speaking of themselves.* 



The Panaka may number in all a hundred to a hundred and twenty- 

 five thousand souls. I have described elsewhere the dress and mode 

 of living of these tribes,t so will not dwell on these questions here, and 



* Panaka (1 e., Pa, Chinese " eight," JSfa, patronymic, and k'a or chia (Chinese) 

 "family" or "clan"). They also call themselves Panakasum; the last word, mean- 

 ing in Thibetan " three, " is added on account of three great divisions of these clans 

 at the present time. The Arik (about 10, 000 families), the Konsa (2,000 families), 

 the Bumtok (2,000 families), are the largest of these tribes living north and west of 

 the lake; the principal tribes of the Panaka south of the lake are the Chamri, the 

 Tubchia, and the Wutushiu. 



+ See "Lund of the Lamas," p. 73, et jjassjm. 



