140 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 196 2 



Steinhart Aquarium, San Francisco, Calif., 2 Surinam toads. 



Thomas, Charles, Washington, D.C., 2 cockatiels. 



Toledo Zoo, Toledo, Ohio, 2 Cape hunting dogs. 



Tote-em-Iu Zoo, Wihnington, N.C., 4 Virginia deer, collared peccary, 4 American 



black bears, 3 olive baboons, 2 leopards, 5 Sika deer. 

 Werber, S. F., Silver Spring, Md., 1 Canada goose. 



The associate director, J. Lear Grimmer, and Mrs. Grimmer re- 

 turned to British Guiana to continue investigation into the ecology 

 of the hoatzin {Opisthocomus hoatzin). Certain observations of the 

 bird in former years made it desirable to have a morphologist-anato- 

 mist on the expedition, and Dr. Wilhelm Marinelli, professor of zo- 

 ology and director of graduate biology. University of Vienna, was 

 invited to participate in view of his longstanding interest in the species. 

 After spending 10 weeks in field work throughout British Guiana, 

 Mr. Grimmer and Dr. Marinelli assembled and studied their findings 

 for 2 months at the University of Vienna, correlating behavior pat- 

 terns and anatomical aspects of the bird. 



One of the hoatzins brought to the National Zoo established an 

 important longevity record. Captured July 10, 1961, it lived until 

 January 25, 1962 — long enough to make close-range daily observations 

 possible. Much was learned of its adaptability to cage environment 

 and food requirements. The field work will continue with an ultimate 

 goal of establishing an integrated breeding colony of this extraordi- 

 nary bird in the National Zoological Park. 



The expeditions have been sponsored by the Smithsonian Institu- 

 tion, the National Geographic Society, the Mitch Miller Foundation, 

 and the Jewett Foundation. An article on the work done in British 

 Guiana will be published in the October 1962 National Geographic 

 Magazine. 



General improvements and innovations in the animal department 

 included experimental reversed daylight setups. Also an attempt was 

 made to winter more animals outdoors than previously. By provid- 

 ing a minimal amount of heat, through overhead lamps or under- 

 ground heating cables in their shelters or sleeping boxes, gazelles and 

 macaques were successfully wintered outdoors. Cockatoos and para- 

 keets were given "hot-foot" perches made of pipe, through which an 

 electric heating wire was rim, controlled by a thermostat. 



In the large mammal division an elephant training program was 

 initiated in May in order to keep the young male African elepliant, 

 "Dzimbo," under control and to provide "Nancy," "Ambika," and 

 "Shanti" with more exercise. 



The commissary division increased the raising of food animals such 

 as waxworms, crickets, mealworms, chickens, rabbits, and guinea pigs, 

 and thereby provided a valuable addition to the diet of the animals. 



The night-keepers program, while not yet completely stafTed, has 



