EARTHQUAKES OF MAY 1960 IN CHILE — SAINT-AMAND 361 



specific duties to certain people and agencies; all control should re- 

 main in local hands. Two outstanding examples of excellent leader- 

 ship by local authorities occurred in Puerto Montt and Temuco. Here 

 the Intendentes and their assistants immediately organized all the 

 civilian and military agencies, while they themselves retained control 

 of the government. The people were put to work helping themselves 

 and were permitted to move freely while doing so. The prompt and 

 courageous action by these public officials prevented civic disorder 

 and maintained a general air of healthy cooperation during and after 

 the disaster. 



9. Losses to homes and public buildings were, of course, grave. 

 Approximately 1 million people were living with neighbors, in make- 

 shift sheltere, sleeping in the rain, etc. Plate 10, figure 1, shows a 

 shelter occupied by a family of five in Valdivia. 



10. The closing of schools and the appropriation of them for use 

 as emergency shelters were very harmful to the morale of school-age 

 children. 



At present, the investigation of the earthquake is being carried out 

 by several teams of engineers, geologists, seismologists, psychologists, 

 and others who are trying to establish norms for reconstruction, and 

 seeking to determine safe places to rebuild and safe techniques for the 

 new edifices and services. A systematic attempt is thus being made 

 to see that the next earthquake in the south will not produce the same 

 type of catastrophe. A number of preliminary reports are available 

 from the IIG, detailing the relation between damage and surficial 

 geology. A list of these is to be found among the references 

 [9,24r-32]. 



INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE 



The way in which the Chilean populace rose to the immediate 

 emergency was striking. Within a few hours, groups were gathering 

 food, clothing, household articles, and money to send to the stricken 

 area. 



The way in which other countries rose to the occasion was equally 

 impressive. Every country in South America, including the Carib- 

 bean republics, sent aid in the fonn of food, clotliing, and medicine. 

 They all furnished transportation, including airplanes and heli- 

 copters. 



The United States began an airlift, bringing materials to Santiago 

 and Puerto Montt, where they were redistributed to the larger fields 

 by Canadian and South American transports. Private pilots, com- 

 mercial airlines, and crop dusters gave their time and aircraft freely 

 to move the material to outlying districts. 



The U.S. Globemasters were also used to remove refugees from 

 the southern area to Santiago (pi. 10, fig. 2) . 



