1200 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898. 



including the Australian and Neotropical regions. To the last two he 

 added the ^STovo-Zealanian for New Zealand, and he proposed to change 

 the name of the Neotropical to Austrocolumbian. 



In 1871 Dr. J. A. Allen proposed the following faunal divisions: 

 I. Arctic Realm ; II. North Temperate Kealm ; III. American Tropical 

 Realm; IV. Indo- African Tropical Realm; V. South American Tem- 

 perate Realm; VI. African Temperate Realm ; VII. Antarctic Realm ; 

 VIII. Australian Realm. 



In 1874 Sclater modified his system as follows: He retained the term 

 Arctogsea in the Huxleyan sense. To the Neotropical region he gave 

 the name of Dendrogiea, and to the Australian he gave the name of 

 Antarctogtea, omitting New Zealand and Polynesia, which he consti- 

 tuted a fourth division, Ornithogica. 



In 1878 Heilprin proposed the name Holarctic to include Sclater's 

 Palearctic and Nearctic regions. He also proposed two transitional 

 regions; that of the Old World he called Mediterranean and that of 

 the New World the Sonoran, the latter a term already introduced by 

 Cope for a division of the Nearctic of Sclater. 



In 1884 Gill proposed the following primary divisions or realms: 

 1, Anglogitan (North American); 2, Euryga^an, or Eurasian; 3, Indo 

 goean; 4, Afroga^an; 5, DendrogcTan, or Tropical American; 6, Amphi- 

 gican, or Temperate South American; 7, Austrogiean, or Australian; 

 8, Ornithoga^an, or New Zealand; 9, Nesogtean, or Polynesian. Pro- 

 fessor Gill justly insisted on the importance of fresh- water fishes as 

 furnishing definitions of natural faunal realms and regions. 



In 1890 Blanford published a system of geographic zoology in which 

 he adopted the primary divisions of Huxley, and divided the Arcto- 

 gsean region into the following : Malagasy, Ethiopian, Oriental, Aqui- 

 lonian (= Palearctic and northern part of Nearctic), and Medio- 

 Columbian (southern part of Nearctic). 



In 1896 Lydekker proposed the following divisions: I. Notogjeic 

 Realm; regions: 1, Australian; 2, Polynesian; 3, Hawaiian; 4, Austro- 

 malayan. II. Neog^ic Realm; region, Neotropical. III. Arctoga^ic 

 Realm; regions: 1, Malagasy; 2, Ethiopian; 3, Oriental; 4, Holarctic; 

 5, Sonoran. Lydekker makes use of paleontologic evidence in this 

 connection. While this treatment of the subject is important from the 

 point of view of origin, it is often irrelevant, since the distribution of 

 vertebrate life in each geologic age was different from that in each 

 other geologic age. 



In an essay on the geographical distribution of North American 

 Reptilia published in 1875, the present writer adopted the first system 

 of Sclater. After a lapse of twenty years, the light thrown on the sub 

 ject by various investigators suggests the following modifications: In 

 the first place the recognition of the close similarity of the life of the 

 northern regions of the earth, requires more definite formulation than 

 was accorded it in Sclater's first system, by the union of his three divi- 



