WOKAS, A PKIMITIVE FOOD. 739 



ShtapV, tulc iitat. 



iSi-lak'-al-isli, upiuT mealing stone. 



Ska, stone fnr jxninding wokas pods. 



T"a'-yas, sack. 



Ti-a^, screening liasket. 



Tlaks, coarse tule basket flat- or roniid-lxittomed. 



WiF-I-sIk, sack. 



Wnns, dugout. 



Ya^-kl, openwork willow pack basket. 



EXPLANATION OF T'LATES. 



Plate 1. The wokas plant, Xi/nij)li(ien jxihj.^cpahi. The plant is shown natural size, 

 but the leaves are not fully developed. Tlie drawing was made at Kadiak, Alaska. 



Plate 2. Wokas pods. The pods, which were collected near Fort Klamath, 

 Oregon, are shown in their natural size. 



Plate 3. A wokas gatherer's camp on the shore of Klamath Marsh, Oregon. 



Plate 4. The wokas gatherer's boat and pole. 



Plate 5. Ten thousand acres of wokas, Klamath Marsh, Oregon. An Indian 

 woman is poling a dugout. 



Plate 6. One day's wokas harvest of two women. 



Plate 7. Wokas in process of grinding on a mealing stone. Beneath the end 

 of the lower stone (Imach) is a shaker (})'ahla), into which the meal is shoved when 

 ground. The broken shells are afterwards winnowed out. 



Plate 8. AVokas drying pile and implements. The close-woven basket on the 

 extreme left, in the rear, as well as the one on the right, is a tlaks; the inverted con- 

 ical basket is a chawas; the nearly flat close-woven one in front at the left is a j)'a]da; 

 each of the two screens is a tia; and the wicker spoon is a nap or seot akoolks. 



Plate 9. An opened drying pile of wokas. The outer ring of dried pods is 

 lowak; the inner mass of fermented pods, pounded and now lying exposed for 

 further drying, is stontablaks. In the left corners are tule mats, on which wokas 

 seeds are drying in the sun. 



Plate 10. Wokas pods ready for firing. The roasting of the pods transforms them 

 into awal, from which the seeds are extracted by the diachas process. 



Plate 11. Extracting wokas seeds by the diachas process. The old woman is 

 pounding rotten wood into the roasted pods. At the right in a shaker is a quantity 

 of seeds already cleaned. In front of the shaker is a pounder (ska), of pumice 

 stone, larger than the one in the woman's liand. 



Plate 12. Seeds of wokas. Fig. 1, dry seeds in the shell (lowak); tig. 2, parche<l 

 seed (shnaps); fig. 3, cracked seeds (shiwulinz), the shells winnowed out; tig. 4, 

 seed kernels (lolensh), the shells removed. The unusually dark appearance of the 

 lowak in the specimen photographed was due to roasting. 



Plate 13. The end of a wokas camp. At the right is an awal pile still smoldering. 

 On the mats is wokas in various stages of extraction, and in front of the dugout are 

 two sacks of drv seeds. 



