550 



REPORT OF NATIONAL ISIUSEUM, 1896. 



existence. Iloimm historians of the time of Ca'sar liave reported and 

 described these instruments from Gaul, and Polybius' says that — 



The parade and tumult of the army of the Celts 

 terrified the Romans, for there was amongst them au 

 ^>i infinite number of horns and trumpets which, with 



the shouts of the whole army in concert, made a 

 clamor so terrible and loud that every surrounding- 

 echo was awakened, and all the adjacent country 

 seemed to join in the horril>le din. 



Diodorus^ says of the Gauls that they had 

 barbaric trumpets of a special nature which 

 gave a hoarse sound well suited to the din of 

 battle. The use of war trumj^ets among the 

 Celtic population of western Europe has been 

 more than once mentioned by classic writers, 

 and iiassages from them have been cited by 

 Sir John Evans, Sir Augustus W. Franks, 

 and others.' Smith's Dictionary of Greek 

 and Roman Antiquities describes the lituus 

 as a sort of trumpet slightly curved at the 

 extremities, differing both from the tuba and 

 cornu, the former being straight and the lat- 

 ter bent into a spiral. Lydus calls the lituus 

 the sacerdotal trumpet, and says it was em 

 ployed by Romulus when he proclaimed the 

 title of his city. Aero asserts that it was 

 peculiar to cavalry, while the tuba belonged 

 to infantry. Its tones are characterized as 

 harsh and shrill. The Roman lituus seems 

 to have been much the same shape as the 

 figure here given (fig. 194), which was called 

 the carnyx, the end of which was sometimes 

 made to represent the fanciful head of an 

 animal, 



A horn, not prehistoric, but of high anti- 

 quity and well known in ancient history, is 

 that of Charlemagne, jireserved in the treas- 

 ury of the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle. It 

 is ivory, and was made from a veritable ele- 

 phant tusk. A cast of it is in the museum 

 Fig. 194. of the Conservatory of Music in Brussels (JSTo. 



nuoNZK wAu TRUMPET (Carynx), 1158), and its scale (obtained from this copy) 



is from flat below, to F within, the staff. 



tiavil, i 



Die time of Cll-s 



1 Liber ii, chap. 29. 



2 Liber v, chap. 30. 



" Livy, Liber v, chaps. 37 and 39. 



