PREHISTORIC ART. 



553 



that this was an iustruuieut no doubt used in prehistoric times 

 Wetzstein is of the opinion that the use of the 

 ram's horn may have been borrowed by the Israel- 

 ites, and goes bai'lc to a people who were engaged 

 solely in the care of sheep. By these it was used 

 as a signal of alarm. * * * (p. 438). There 

 seems to be little doubt that it has been continu- 

 ously used in the Mosaic service from the time it 

 was established until now. * * * 'Phe shofar 

 was not the only natural horu used by the Israel- 

 ites as a musical instrument, but no copies or rep- 

 resentations of the other instruments have come 

 down to us. 



The sliofar is described at length by Dr. 

 Adler, together witli the regulations as to 

 its use and the reference made to it in the 

 Bible. He says (p. 446) : 



From the Talmud we learn that the use of the 

 shofar as a note of alarm of war was transferred to 

 other seasons of danger and distress. Famine 

 plague of locusts, and drought (Mishna Taauith, 

 I, 6) occasioned the blowing of the shofar. 



The shofar was employed at the public cere- 

 mony of excommunication. (Wetzstein, p. 67.) 



A very curious use of the shofar in later times ^ 

 was in funeral ceremonies. (Wetzstein, p. G7.) I ?h 

 agree with Wetzstein that this use of the instru- I 5 

 ment is quite apart from the usual Semitic custom, " g 

 and it was probably borrowed. i« ^ 



As a signal instrument of war it has its various g 

 uses, possibly according to the note that was 

 blowu. It was the signal for going out to battle, 

 for the announcement of a victory, and for a recall 

 of the troops. 



He figares many shofars on plates 

 XCYIl-C, which are fully described, and 

 to which reference is made for further in- 

 formation. But in the jjlate first mentioned 

 he shows many aboriginal horns similar 

 to the shofar, principally from Africa. 



Figs. 1 and 2, plate 08, are shofars (his 

 plate XCVII) assigned to Palestine and 

 Syria. They are described as made of a 

 ram's horn straightened and flattened by 

 heat. The bore of the instrument is a 

 cylindrical tube of very small caliber, 

 which opens into a kind pf bell of para- 

 bolic form. 



Fig. 195 is labeled as a Naigha, Da- 

 vid's pipe, from Palestine, a double pipe 

 of two parallel tubes of cane attached 

 by cords. Each tube has four finger holes. 



(p. 148). 



The mouthpieces are 



