780 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1896. 



more settled of the. present ludiaiis in Ijotli oar own southwest, and iu northern, 

 ■western, and central Mexico; w'hih>. variants of it and derived games may he traced 

 over well-nigh the whole western half of our continent. 



A study of the distinctive marks of the ditterent sticks or cane slips used in this 

 game hy the Zuni would seem to indicate that this peculiar form of it is the most 

 primitive. The reason for this will subsequently appear. 



The name sho'-li-ive is derived from aho o U, ''arrow, ' and u-e, plural ending, signify- 

 ing "parts of," sho we being the plural of simjile arrows. Sho o li, or "arrow," is 

 derived in turn from sho o Je, "cane/' the termination Ji in the derived word being 

 a contraction of li a, and signifying "out of," "from," or "made of." Thus, the 

 name of the game may be translated "cane arrows," or "eane arrow pieces" or 

 "parts."' 



These "parts" consist of four slips of cane. From the fact that these slips are so 

 split and cut from the canes as to include at their lower ends portions of the joints 

 or septie of tlie canes, and from the further fact that they are variously banded 

 with black or red paint, or otherwise, it may be seen that they represent the foot- 

 ings or shfiftments of cane arrows in whicli the septa3 at the lower ends serve as 

 stops for the footing or nockiug-plugs. ' 



A study of the bandings by which these cane slips are distinguished from one 

 another reveals the very significant fact that they are representative of tlie rib- 

 bandings of cane-arrow shaftmenls. 



I have found that sets of Zuni, as well as the ancestral Cliff Dweller arrows, 

 were thus ribbauded with black or red paint to symbolize, in the arrows so marked, 

 the numerical and successional values of the Four Quarters, each set, especially of 

 war arrows, consisting of four subsets, the shaftments of each differently marked. 

 The reasons for this, and processes of divination by which the members of the 

 different sets among the arrows Avere determined during their manufacture, I have 

 set forth iu a paper on "The Arrow," published in the Proceedings of the American 

 Association for the Advancement of Science, 1895, and also iu the American Anthro- 

 pologist for October of the same year. 



In the second part of that paper, the publication of which was delayed by my 

 Florida explorations, I proceeded to show liow these various facts indicated quite 

 clearly that the Zuni game of Sho'-U-we was, as its name implied, developed from the 

 use of actual arrows for divination; and I further instanced many ceremonial usages 

 of simple or ceremonial arrows in such diviuatojy processes as further demonstrating 

 this chxim. 



It may be well for me to preface a description of the four cane slips constituting 

 the principal apparatus of the game by a statement or two relative to the successional 

 numbers of the Four Quarters as conceived in Zuni dramatography. 



The Chief or "Master" region, as well as the first, is the North, designated the 

 Yellow; believed to be the source of breath, wind, or the elemeut Air, and the place 

 of Winter; hence of violence or war, and therefore Masculine. 



The next or second region is the West, designated the Blue ; believed to be the 

 source of moisture or the element Water and the place of Spring, or renewal and 

 fertility ; hence of birth, and therefore Feminine. 



The next, or third, is the South, designated as the Red; believed to be the source 



'The canes are split with reference to the notion that one side is masculine or 

 north, and the other feminine or south. This is determined by the direction or 

 character of the natural growth, as well as by the presence or absence of the leaf 

 pocket iu the joint on the one side or the other of that particular section which 

 forms the shaftment of the arrow (Gushing). In ancient China, according to the 

 Cliow Le (LXII, 37), the arrow maker floated the arrow longitudinally upon water 

 to determine the side which corresponded to the principle of inertia and the side 

 which corresi)onded with the principle of activity. The former sank, while the 

 letter rose. He cut the notch with reference thereto. 



