CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 865 



On reaching the opposite end they can move and take only laterally. 

 The "Generals" may not face each other without intervening pieces. 

 The object of the game is to checkmate the " General."^ 



The name of the Chinese game of Chess, Tseung 1c% signifies the 

 General's Game. It is regarded by them as having been invented by 

 Wu Wang, P.. C. 1169-lllG, the founder of the Chow dynasty. 



The name A'/, which is applied by the Chinese to a great variety of 

 games ])layed with men or pieces upon boards, appears to refer espe- 

 cially to the counters. "The relations of the Chinese game to the 

 Indian game are obscure. It was probably introduced at a compar- 

 atively early time from India. The manner of placing the men, at the 

 intersections of the lines instead of upon the squares, constitutes one 

 of the principal points of difierence."- 



Himly, in discussing the origin of Chinese Chess, expresses the 

 opinion that while the game of chess had forerunners the real game 

 originated in India as an efBgy of war, and spread from India in the 

 sixth or seventh century to the west to Persia, and to the east to 

 Cambodia, where, as well as in Persia, the name is evidently derived 

 from the Sanskrit Chaturanga (the four army divisions). In the Chinese 

 game the names of neither the board, the game, nor the men point to a 

 foreign origin, nor does tradition say anything about it. Himly states 

 that the first sure trace of chess in China occurs in the Yew kwae luh,^ 



'For a more detailed account, consult Games, Ancient and Oriental; and for exam- 

 ples of games, W. H. Wilkinson, A Manuel of Chinese Chess, Shanghai, 1893. 



Additional bibliography : 



K. Hiinly, The Chinese Game of Chess as Compared with 'i'liat Practiced by 

 Western Nations, Jour. N. C. Branch, R. A. S., for 1869 and 1870, No. VI. 



, Strcifziige in das Gebiet der Geschichte des Schaclispieles. Zeitschrift d. 



deutscheu morgenliindischen GescUschaft, XXIII, ]). 121, 



, Das Schachsjiiel der Chiuesen. Zeitschrift d. deutschen morgenliindischen 



Gesellschaft, XXIV, p. 172. 



, Anmerknngen in Bezichnng anf das Schach-und andere Brettspiele. Zeits- 

 chrift d. deutscheu morgenliindischen Gesellschift, XLI, p. 461. 



, Morgenliindisch oder abendliiudischf Zeitschrift d. deutscheu morgen- 

 liindischen Gesellschaft, XLIII, XLIV. 



, Die Abteilung der Spiele im Spiegel der Mandschu-Sprache. T'oung Pao. 



H. G. Hollingsworth, A Short Sketch of the Chinese Game of Chess, called Kh'e. 

 Also called Seang Kh'e, to distinguish it from Wei-Kh e, another game played by the 

 Chinese, Jour. N. C. Branch, R. A. S., N. S., Ill, December, 1866. 



Thomas Hyde, Historia, Shahiludii, Oxford, 1695, p. 158. 



Antonius Van der Liude, (ieschichte und Literatiir des Schachspiels, Berlin, 1874, 

 I, pp. 85-94. 



Z. Volpicelli, Chinese Chess, Jour. N. C. Branch, R. A. S., XXIII, No. 3. 



O. Von Mollendorfi', Schachspiel der Chinesen, Mittheilungen der deutscheu (Jes- 

 ellschaft fiir'Natur und Viilkerkunde Ostasiens, II, ii. 



Das schachiihnliche Brettspiel der Chiuesen, Deutsche Schachzeituug, Leipzig, 

 1891, Miirz-Jnli. 



- W. H. Wilkinson, A Manual of Chinese Chess, Shanghai, 1893. 



'A. Wylie, Notes on Chinese Literature, Shanghai, 1867, p. 155. 

 NAT MUS 96 55 



