CHEgS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 881 



The other priucipal chiss of arrow-derived g-aincs is tliat in which a 

 number of staves, splints, or other substituted objects are shaken or 

 divided at random, originally to determine j>/«r{ directly, or to discover 

 the number and thence the place. Like the i)receding class, it is widely 

 distributed throughout the world. The divinatory associations of these 

 games are more clearly manifest to the writer than those in whicli the 

 tossed staves or their substitutes are used, and the derivation of the 

 iuiplements from arrows more easily demonstrable. 



An examination of the arrows used by savage people shows that the 

 custom of marking them in such manner that each individual might 

 distinguish his own was very general. From this, both in the Old and 

 the New World, the arrow came to stand as the token and symbol of a 

 man,' and as such, among many other symbolic uses, was employed in 

 divinatory games. It appears that the marks of the arrows of the 

 American Indians, which are placed upon the shaftments, refer not, it 

 Avould seem, to the personal names of their owners, but to their owners' 

 place in the system of classification according to the directions in the 

 circuit of the clans. At a later period of development we find these 

 cosmical marks replaced by the written name of the owner, as in East- 

 ern Asia. Traces still survive, even here, as on the practice arrows of 

 Korea (No. 78) of the earlier system. 



The method of nuirking in America is by means of colored bands 

 (ribbons) painted upon the shaftments. It may be assumed that a 

 quiver made up of the different arrows of the individuals of a tribe 

 would represent the Four Quarters and the intermediary points. It is 

 such perfect quivers and their conventionalized representatives that 

 constitute the implements of magic em]>loyed in the games which follow. 

 In connection with these there are exhibited several series of arrows, 

 together with a variety of objects regarded by the writer as having been 

 derived from the employment of arrows as symbols of personality. 



61. Tong-Kat. Korea. 



(a) Quiver of Ceremonial Arrows.^ Worn as an emblem of rank by 

 Korean officials in military court-dress. 



' The 8yml)olism of the arrow was discussed l)y Mr. Gushing iu his A^ice-presideutial 

 address before Section H of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- 

 ence, S])ringfield, 1895. According to him, "owner's marks, on arrows, were not 

 designed primarily as signs of mere possession. They were indicative, rather, of 

 the place in the cosmically arranged circuit of the tribe, of the man who made and 

 possessed the arrows. It is probable that such marks were at first placed on arrows 

 to serve as protective and directive potencies. By imparting somewhat of the man's 

 personality to the arrows, their special aid to him was insured and at the same time 

 their tiight was endowed with the breath or wind of the quarter to which he and 

 they alike belonged. It naturally followed that, much as his face was recognizable 

 as belonging to him, so were these arrows recognizable as essentially of his place 

 and of him— so much so, that ceremonially they often stood for the man himself 

 even more intimately than do our signatures stand for us." But the second part of 

 this highly imi)ortaut paper, in which this was embodied, remains unpublished. 



-Cat. No. 151147, II.S.N.M. Collected by Hon. W. W. Rockhill. 

 NAT MUS 96 56 



