CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 921 



each wius au amount equal to their stakes from him. When both count 

 aliif e, neither wins. Three cards having the same number count higher 

 than nine. It will be observed that in this game the suit-marks do not 

 appear to be regarded, and it is to be inferred that the packs of forty 

 and sixty cards, without suit-marks, are used for it. 



78. Practice Aruows.' Korea. Three from a set of five. 



Tlie arrows used at the present day in archery (Plate 46). They are 

 called youyep-tjyen (Chinese, lau ip tsin), "willow-leaf arrows," and are 

 made of bamboo, 34 Inches in length. The point is of iron, nail-shaped, 

 with a stop which tits against the fore-shaft. The latter is usually made 

 of cherry wood, with or without the bark on, and is about 1| inches in 

 length. The footing, also of cherry wood, has a cylindrical nock with 

 a U-shaped notch. The feathers, three in number, are carefully and 

 uniformly trimmed and are fastened with glue; on some, in a straight 

 line, and on others, at a slight angle to the shaft. These arrows usually 

 bear the personal name of the owner, written in Chinese characters, 

 between the feathers. All of these arrows are numbered with Chinese 

 characters, from one to five below the shaftment.^ 



These arrows are shown to illustrate the probable source of the 

 Korean playing-cards, which, however, doubtless originated long before 

 the art of writing was perfected. It will be observed that the arrows 

 are numbered in sets of five, while the cards are in suits of tens. In the 

 tong-Mi, or ceremonial <]uiver (No. 01), there are ten arrows, however, 

 and the feathers on these arrows have black tips, which seem to be per- 

 petuated in the feather- like marks on the backs of the cards. 



79. Playing-Cards.'' Kiu Kiang, China. 



Nine cards of the suit of man, or "myriads" (Plate 47), from a set 

 consisting of four packets of thirty cards each, and five jokers : the Five 

 Blessings, FuTi:, Luk, Shau, Hi, Ts^oi, "Happiness, Promotion, Long life. 

 Posterity, and Wealth." The four packets are like those of the succeed- 

 ing cards (No. 80). 



It is probable that Chinese i)laying-cards, of which there are several 

 kinds, take their form from the narrow Korean cards. The cards with 

 money-symbols seem to be in the direct line of descent, if not from 

 cards of which the Korean are survivals, at least from cards of the 

 same character and origin. These particular cards are shown (Plate 47) 

 to illustrate the index marks on the ends (of common occurrence on the 

 cards of this type), which may be survivals of the numerals on the 

 Korean cards (fig. 220). Mr. Cashing regards these numerals as likely 

 to have been derived from the cut cock feathers of the original arrows. 

 Mr. Wilkinson, on the other hand, considers them to be modifications 

 of Chinese numerals. 



' U. S. National Museum. 



2 Korean Games, p. xxi. 



^Cat. No. 6, Wilkinson collectiou. Miis. Arch., Univ. Peiin. 



