CHESS AND PLAYING-CARDS. 941 



111. Igralnye Kauty. Playiuff-Cards.' Russia. ISTineteenth Ceu- 



tury. 



Whist pack of lifty-two cards, Freucli suit-marks, aud court-cards 

 similar to those of France. 



The manufacture of playing-cards in Russia is a State monopoly, of 

 which the revenue is a[)plied to the support of tlie charitable establish- 

 ment known as the "Institutions of the Empress Marie." 



112. Playing- Oards.^ England.' Nineteenth century. 



Whist pack of tifty two cards. Suits : Diamonds, Hearts, Spades, 

 and Clubs. 



According to Willshire, it is probable that cards made their way into 

 England through France. The date of their introduction is not known, 

 but it is believed they were not in use until after the reign of Henry 

 IV (1405), aud they were certainly employed previous to 1403. About 

 1181 they formed a common English Christmas pastime. England 

 appears to have at once adopted the French suit marks. The English 

 names of the suits, however, are in part of Spanish descent. 



113. Play'ING-Cards.^ Philadelphia,^ United States. About 1860. 



"Club House" (Philadelphia Club). 

 Whist pack of fifty-two cards, ordinary suits j court-cards bear full- 

 length figures instead of being double-headed. 



Similar cards are still made for use iu certain games. 



114. Playing-Cards.« " Union." New York,' United States. 18G2. 

 Whist pack of fifty-two cards and a joker. The suit-marks are stars, 



ilag of the United States, shield with national emblems, and national 

 arms (eagle with shield). The Kings bear a picture of an infantry 

 officer in full dress; the Queens, the Goddess of Liberty; and the 

 Knaves, an artillery commissioned officer in full dress.'* 



115. Playing-Cards." " Picture Playing-Cards" (American Generals). 



New York,io United States. 1863. 

 Whist pack of fifty-two cards. Conventional suits. Each card bears 

 the portrait of a General of the Union Army, the denomination of tbe 

 card being displayed on a miniature card in the left-hand corner. 



•Cat. No. 16572, Mus. Arch., Univ. Penn. 



2 Cat. No. 15452, Mus. Arch , Univ. Penn. 



^De La Rue & Co., Loiulou. 



'Cat. No. 7603, Mus. Arch., Uuiv. Peun. 



'^Samuel Hart & Co. 



''Cat. No. 154289, U.S.N.M. Gift of Stewart Culin.' 



■'American Card Company. 



**Mr. A. Howard Clark, to whom I am indebted for the identification of the 

 uniforms, states tliat the rank of the infantry officer representing the King is not 

 shown on epaulettes, "pro1)ably Colonel or Lieutenant Colonel; if a General, the 

 buttons on coat would be arranged in groups. The rank of the artillery officer is 

 not shown on shoulder straps." 



"Cat. No. 7100, Mue. Arch., Univ. Penn. 



10 M. Nelson. 



