EXHIBIT OF BIBLICAL ANTIQUITIES. 977 



(2) Trumpet (Hebrew, Hagogerah), Morocco, where it is called n'feer. 

 (See plate 3.)— The trumpet was expressly designed in the Pentateuch 

 for sacred uses, two being ordered to be made of silver,' while Solomon 

 increased their number to one hundred and twenty.' It was almost 

 exclusively a priestly instrument.'^ Its primary use was for giving sig- 

 nals for the people to assemble.^ Later it was appropriated to religious 

 services^ and festive occasions.'^ According to the representation on 

 the Arch of Titus, the trumpet was narrow and straight, with a ball like 

 protuberance at the bottom. It was represented by its modern survisal, 

 the n^eer of Morocco. The instrument itself was supplemented by a 

 photograpli of the Arcli of Titus. (See i)late 5.) 



(3) Flute or pipe (Hebrew, Halil; Eevised Version, ilute.) Dam- 

 ascus, Syria. (See plate 2, fig. 4.) The pipe or flute, now called in 

 Syria Sli ithah, was a favorite instrument of the ancients. In its simplest 

 form it was a reed or variety of wood in the shape of a reed, about 18 

 inches in length, bored throughout evenly, and pierced with holes in 

 the sides for note.s. Later, even ivory was employed. A variety of 

 flutes are exhibited in the representations of Egyptian, Oriental, and 

 Grecian musical instruments. They may be divided into simple flutes, 

 which were either direct or transverse double flutes with even or uneven 

 tubes, and those with several tubes. 



The invention of the simi)le flute is ascribed by the Greeks to the 

 Egyptians;" that of the transverse flute likewise to the Egyptians,^ 

 or to the Lybians.'' The double flute is seen on Egyi)tian and Assyrian 

 monuments. Among the Greeks and Komans the flute was played by 

 the Bacchants, at funerals, and also at festive banquets. The Lacedae- 

 monians, Cretans, and Lybians used it also for military purposes. In 

 the Bible the flute is not mentioned among the musical instruments of 

 the Temple; but it was emjDloyed on various festal occasions — at the 

 accession of Solomon to the throne^" and other festivities," as well as at 

 funerals.^'- According to post Biblical sources of information, flutes 

 were used in the daily service of the second temple.'-* 



(4) Double flute, Bethlehem, Palestine. (See plate 2, fig. 3.) 

 This instrument is assumed by some to represent the iSumponiah (sym- 



1 Numbers x, 1-10. 



2 II Chronicles v, 12. 



■' Numbers X, 2-10 ; xxxi, 6; II Chronicles xiii, 12, 14. 



•• See Numbers x. 5, 6, where the nuinncr of blowing is specified, so as to indicate the 

 different signals intended. 



»II Kings xii, 13; II Chronicles xiii, 12, 11. 



cPsulms xcviii, 6; Ezra iii, 10; II Kings xi, 11; II Chronicles xxiii, 13. 



^ Athenpeus IV, p. 175. 



^ Idem, p. 185. 



9 Pollux, IV, 84. 

 '" I Kings i, 40. 



"I Samuel x, 5; Isaiah xxx, 29; Revelation xviii, 22. 

 '-Matthew ix, 23. 



'■* Talmud Erachiu, 10a; Tacitus, llistoriic, v, 5. 

 NAT MUS l)G G2 



